Clostridium botulinumandClostridium tetani
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Abstract:
Genus and Species Definitions Historical Background of the Pathogenic Clostridia Milestones in the Understanding of Botulism and Tetanus Classification of Neurotoxigenic Clostridia Habitats of Pathogenic Clostridia Physical and Metabolic Properties of Pathogenic Clostridia including C. botulinum and C. tetani Growth Properties of C. botulinum and C. tetani Physiology of C. botulinum and C. tetani Descriptions of the Species C. botulinum, C. tetani, and other Neurotoxigenic Clostridia Botulinum Neurotoxins Detection of Botulinum and Tetanus Neurotoxins Genomics of Clostridium tetani and Clostridium botulinum Susceptibility of Neurotoxigenic Clostridia to Chemical and Physical Agents Epidemiology and Clinical Aspects Use of Botulinum Toxin in Medicine Safety Precautions for Working with C. botulinum, C. tetani, and their Neurotoxins AcknowledgmentsKeywords:
Clostridia
Clostridium tetani
Clostridium botulinum
Botulism
Clostridiales
Clos.tri.di.a'ce.ae. N.L. neut. n. Clostridium type genus of the family; suff. -aceae ending to denote a family; N.L. fem. pl. n. Clostridiaceae the Clostridium family. Firmicutes / "Clostridia" / Clostridiales / Clostridiaceae
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Clostridiales
Clostridia
Clostridium botulinum
Clostridium butyricum
Clostridium perfringens
Paraphyly
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Clos.tri'di.a'les. N.L. neut. n. Clostridium type genus of the order; suff. ‐ ales ending denoting an order; N.L. fem. pl. n. Clostridiales the order Clostridium . Firmicutes / “Clostridia” / Clostridiales
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Abstract Oceanirhabdus (O.ce.a.ni.rhab'dus. L. masc. n. oceanus ocean; Gr. fem. n. rhabdos rod; N.L. fem. n. Oceanirhabdus a rod of the ocean). Firmicutes / Clostridia / Clostridiales / Clostridiaceae / Oceanirhabdus Cells are rod‐shaped with peritrichous flagella. Endospores form during stationary phase of growth. Cells are Gram‐positive staining. Colonies are circular, white, semitransparent with a smooth surface. Obligate anaerobes. Optimal growth at pH 6.5–7.0, 34–38°C, and 2.5% (w/v) NaCl. Cells can utilize multiple types of complex proteinaceous substrates as carbon and energy sources. The predominant cellular fatty acids are anteiso‐C 15:0 , C 16:0 , iso‐C 15:0 , anteiso‐C 17:0 , and C 16:0 DMA. No isoprenoid quinone is detected. Oceanirhabdus is in the class Clostridia , the order Clostridiales , and the family Clostridiaceae . The genus Oceanirhabdus comprises one species, Oceanirhabdus sediminicola . The type strain of the type species of the genus was isolated from marine sediments. Phylogenetic analysis of 16S rRNA genes indicates that Oceanirhabdus is a lineage that is separated from the closely related genera in the family Clostridiaceae . DNA G + C content (mol%) : 35.8 (HPLC). Type species : Oceanirhabdus sediminicola Pi et al. 2013 VP .
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Clostridiales
Obligate anaerobe
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Abstract Spo.ro.sa.li.bac.te'ri.um. Gr. n. spora a seed and, in bacteriology, a spore; L. n. sal, salis salt; L. neut. n. bacterium a rod; N.L. neut. n. Sporosalibacterium a moderately halophilic sporulated rod. Firmicutes / Clostridia / Clostridiales / Clostridiaceae / Sporosalibacterium The genus Sporosalibacterium , at the time of writing, comprised two validly published species, Sporosalibacterium faouarense , which was isolated from a hydrocarbon‐polluted soil surrounding a deep petroleum environment located in the El Faouar area in south Tunisia, and Sporosalibacterium tautonense , obtained from the sample of a microbial mat, developed under the flow of subsurface water in TauTona Gold Mine, South Africa. The species of the genus are thermotolerant, moderately halophilic, and strictly anaerobic and present a fermentative growth on carbohydrates. Phylogenetic analyses using 16S rRNA gene sequences placed the two species as representatives of Clostridiaceae family. DNA G + C content (mol%) : 32.9 ± 2.5 (HPLC). Type species : Sporosalibacterium faouarense Rezgui, Ben Ali Gam, Ben Hamed, Fardeau, Cayol, Maaroufi and Labat 2011, 104 VP .
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Clostridiales
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Ca.lor.an.ae.ro.bac'ter. L. n. calor heat; Gr. pref. an not; Gr. n. aer air; N.L. bacter masc. equiv. of Gr. neut. dim. n. bakterion small rod or staff; N.L. masc. n. Caloranaerobacter a thermophilic, anaerobic rod Firmicutes / “Clostridia” / Clostridiales / Clostridiaceae / Caloranaerobacter Motile rod‐shaped cells. Under optimal conditions are short rods, about 0.3–0.5 × 0.5–2 µm, found singly, in pairs, or in short chains (less than 5 cells). Gram‐stain‐negative. Thermophilic ; temperature range for growth 45–65 °C, optimum growth at 65 °C. Adapted to the pH and salinity of ocean waters . pH range 5.5–9.0, optimum pH 7.0. Salinity range 10–100 g sea salts per liter, optimum 30 g sea salts per liter. Anaerobic, chemoorganotrophic , able to ferment carbohydrates and proteinaceous substrates. Sulfur not required for growth. On the basis of 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis presented in the roadmap to Volume 3 (Figure 5), Caloranaerobacter is located in the family Clostridiaceae , order Clostridiales , class Clostridia , in the phylum Firmicutes ; formerly, it was classified in cluster XII of the Clostridium subphylum (Collins et al., 1 9 9 4). DNA G + C content ( mol %): 27 ( T m ). Type species : Caloranaerobacter azorensis Wery, Moricet, Cueff, Jean, Pignet, Lesongeur, Cambon‐Bonavita and Barbier 2 0 0 1, 1795 VP .
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Clostridia
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Genus and Species Definitions Historical Background of the Pathogenic Clostridia Milestones in the Understanding of Botulism and Tetanus Classification of Neurotoxigenic Clostridia Habitats of Pathogenic Clostridia Physical and Metabolic Properties of Pathogenic Clostridia including C. botulinum and C. tetani Growth Properties of C. botulinum and C. tetani Physiology of C. botulinum and C. tetani Descriptions of the Species C. botulinum, C. tetani, and other Neurotoxigenic Clostridia Botulinum Neurotoxins Detection of Botulinum and Tetanus Neurotoxins Genomics of Clostridium tetani and Clostridium botulinum Susceptibility of Neurotoxigenic Clostridia to Chemical and Physical Agents Epidemiology and Clinical Aspects Use of Botulinum Toxin in Medicine Safety Precautions for Working with C. botulinum, C. tetani, and their Neurotoxins Acknowledgments
Clostridia
Clostridium tetani
Clostridium botulinum
Botulism
Clostridiales
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Clostridia
Clostridiales
Meat spoilage
Clostridium perfringens
Mesophile
Raw meat
Clostridium sporogenes
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Clos.tri'di.a. N.L. fem. pl. n. Clostridiales type order of the class; dropping the ending to denote a class; N.L. neut. pl. n. Clostridia the class of the Clostridiales . Firmicutes / “Clostridia”
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Clostridiales
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Botulism
Clostridia
Clostridium botulinum
Botulinum neurotoxin
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