Oceanirhabdus
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Abstract Oceanirhabdus (O.ce.a.ni.rhab'dus. L. masc. n. oceanus ocean; Gr. fem. n. rhabdos rod; N.L. fem. n. Oceanirhabdus a rod of the ocean). Firmicutes / Clostridia / Clostridiales / Clostridiaceae / Oceanirhabdus Cells are rod‐shaped with peritrichous flagella. Endospores form during stationary phase of growth. Cells are Gram‐positive staining. Colonies are circular, white, semitransparent with a smooth surface. Obligate anaerobes. Optimal growth at pH 6.5–7.0, 34–38°C, and 2.5% (w/v) NaCl. Cells can utilize multiple types of complex proteinaceous substrates as carbon and energy sources. The predominant cellular fatty acids are anteiso‐C 15:0 , C 16:0 , iso‐C 15:0 , anteiso‐C 17:0 , and C 16:0 DMA. No isoprenoid quinone is detected. Oceanirhabdus is in the class Clostridia , the order Clostridiales , and the family Clostridiaceae . The genus Oceanirhabdus comprises one species, Oceanirhabdus sediminicola . The type strain of the type species of the genus was isolated from marine sediments. Phylogenetic analysis of 16S rRNA genes indicates that Oceanirhabdus is a lineage that is separated from the closely related genera in the family Clostridiaceae . DNA G + C content (mol%) : 35.8 (HPLC). Type species : Oceanirhabdus sediminicola Pi et al. 2013 VP .Keywords:
Clostridia
Clostridiales
Obligate anaerobe
Lineage (genetic)
A comprehensive understanding of the microbial community is necessary to ensure a significant reduction in pathogens during the composting process. Two biosecure, static composting systems containing cattle mortalities were constructed at subzero temperatures. Temperature at each sampling site was measured continuously and samples were grouped as either ≤50 or ≥55°C, based on temperature exposure required for effective pathogen inactivation during composting. High‐throughput 454 sequencing was used to characterize the bacterial communities within each sample. Clustering of bacterial communities was observed according to temperature. However, neither richness nor diversity differed between temperature groups. Firmicutes was the most abundant phylum within both temperature groups but was more pronounced (63·6%) in samples ≥55°C (P <0·05). Similarly, members of Clostridia, Clostridium sensu stricto (3·64%), Clostridium XI (0·59%), UF (Clostridiaceae 1) (5·29%) and UF (Clostridiales Incertae Sedis XI) (6·20%), were prominent at ≥55°C (P <0·05), likely a reflection of spore survival and/or anaerobic microenvironments within passively aerated compost piles. Members of Thermobifida (3·54%), UO (Actinomycetales) (12·29%) and UO (Bacillales) (19·49%) were also prominent at ≥55°C (P <0·05). Substantial spatial diversity exists within bacterial communities in field‐scale compost piles. Localized temperature at the site of sampling may be one of the factors contributing to this phenomenon. This is the first study to describe the microbial community profile with the use of targeted 16S rRNA high‐throughput sequencing in passively aerated composted livestock mortalities.
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Pyrosequencing
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This chapter contains sections titled: Introduction Description of the Genus Clostridium Pathogenicity General Methods for the Isolation of Clostridium Species Clostridium Perfringens Clostridium Novyi Neurotoxic Clostridia Clostridium Tetani Other Clostridia Genomics of Clostridia Summary References
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22.1 Neurotoxigenic Clostridia 527 22.1.1 Botulism 527 22.1.2 Tetanus 529 22.2 Histotoxic Clostridia 529 22.2.1 Clostridium perfringens 529 22.2.2 Clostridium septicum 530 22.2.3 Clostridium chauvoei 530 22.2.4 Clostridium novyi 530 22.2.5 Clostridium sordellii 531 22.3 Enteric Clostridia 532 22.3.1 Clostridium perfringens 532 22.3.2 Clostridium septicum 535 22.3.3 Clostridium difficile 536 22.3.4 Clostridium spiroforme 536 22.4 Conclusion 536 Acknowledgments 537 References 537
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Clostridium botulinum
Clostridium butyricum
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Abstract Spore forming bacteria comprise a large part of the human gut microbiota. However, study of the endospores in gut microbiota is limited due to difficulties of culturing and numerous unknown germination factors. In this study we propose a new method for culture-independent characterization of endospores in stool samples. We have enriched DNA of spore-forming bacterial species from stool samples of 40 mother-child pairs from a previously described mother-child cohort. The samples were exposed to a two-step purification process comprising ethanol and ethidium monoazide (EMA) treatment to first kill vegetative cells and to subsequently eliminate their DNA from the samples. The composition of the ethanol-EMA resistant DNA was characterized by 16S rRNA marker gene sequencing. Operational taxonomic units (OTUs) belonging to the Clostridia class (OTU1: Romboutsia , OTU5: Peptostreptococcaceae and OTU14: Clostridium senso stricto) and one belonging to the Bacillus class (OTU20: Turicibacter ) were significantly more abundant in the samples from mothers and children after ethanol-EMA treatment than in those treated with ethanol only. No correlation was observed between ethanol-EMA resistant OTUs detected in children and in their mothers, which indicates that a low level of spore-forming species are shared between mothers and their children. Anaerobic ethanol-resistant bacteria were isolated from all mothers and all children over 1 year of age. Generally, in 70% of the ethanol-treated samples used for anaerobic culturing, 16S rRNA gene sequences of bacterial isolates corresponded to OTUs detected in these samples after EMA treatment. We report a new DNA-based method for the characterization of endospores in gut microbiota. Our method has high degree of correspondence to the culture-based method, although it requires further optimization. Our results also indicate a high turnover of endospores in the gut during the first two years of life, perhaps with a high environmental impact.
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Clostridia
Clostridium perfringens
Clostridium beijerinckii
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Abstract Spo.ro.sa.li.bac.te'ri.um. Gr. n. spora a seed and, in bacteriology, a spore; L. n. sal, salis salt; L. neut. n. bacterium a rod; N.L. neut. n. Sporosalibacterium a moderately halophilic sporulated rod. Firmicutes / Clostridia / Clostridiales / Clostridiaceae / Sporosalibacterium The genus Sporosalibacterium , at the time of writing, comprised two validly published species, Sporosalibacterium faouarense , which was isolated from a hydrocarbon‐polluted soil surrounding a deep petroleum environment located in the El Faouar area in south Tunisia, and Sporosalibacterium tautonense , obtained from the sample of a microbial mat, developed under the flow of subsurface water in TauTona Gold Mine, South Africa. The species of the genus are thermotolerant, moderately halophilic, and strictly anaerobic and present a fermentative growth on carbohydrates. Phylogenetic analyses using 16S rRNA gene sequences placed the two species as representatives of Clostridiaceae family. DNA G + C content (mol%) : 32.9 ± 2.5 (HPLC). Type species : Sporosalibacterium faouarense Rezgui, Ben Ali Gam, Ben Hamed, Fardeau, Cayol, Maaroufi and Labat 2011, 104 VP .
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Clostridia
Clostridiales
Meat spoilage
Clostridium perfringens
Mesophile
Raw meat
Clostridium sporogenes
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