Improvement of capacity fading resistance of LiMn2O4 by amphoteric oxides

Abstract The capacity fading of LiMn 2 O 4 is improved by adding amphoteric oxides such as Al 2 O 3 , ZnO, SnO 2 , and ZrO 2 to the cathode slurry. The effectiveness of the amphoteric oxides on the fade resistance of LiMn 2 O 4 is compared by measuring the capability of scavenging hydrofluoric acid (HF) in the electrolyte by the oxides using a pH meter and by BET surface analysis. Results suggest that the capacity fading is determined by the reactivity of oxides with HF and the effective surface-area of the oxide particles when they were mixed in the slurry. Zinc oxide is the most effective of the oxides in scavenging HF.