Observations and modeling of traveling ionospheric disturbance signatures from an Australian network of oblique angle-of-arrival sounders

An Australian network of oblique angle-of-arrival (AoA) ionosondes was installed as part of the ELOISE experimental campaign in September 2015, aimed at an improved understanding of the spatial and temporal structure of traveling ionospheric disturbances (TIDs) at mid-latitudes. In this paper, the array design and signal processing for the AoA sounder is described, along with a sample of results showing typical disturbance signatures. Realistic parameterized models of electron density perturbations, along with geometric ray tracing, were used to synthesize the effects of medium to large scale TIDs on the sounder observables and aid in classifying the measurements.