Abstract The bacterial communities that harbour the pyrroloquinoline quinone gene ( pqqC ‐harbouring bacteria communities) play a pivotal role in the mobilization of inorganic phosphorus (Pi). However, there is limited knowledge regarding the connection between soil pqqC ‐harbouring bacterial communities and Pi fractions, as well as the factors that can regulate them, particularly under different fertilization strategies in the agricultural soil. High‐throughput sequencing was used to investigate the pqqC ‐harbouring communities from the wheat ( Triticum aestivum L.)–sweet potato ( Ipomoea batatas L.) season in a 9‐year field experiment, including without fertilization (control), nitrogen (N) and potassium (K) fertilization (NK), NPK fertilization (NPK) and the combined application of chemical NPK and organic fertilizer (NPKM), and to explore their relationships with Pi fractions and their regulatory factors. Long‐term N fertilization and crop type substantially changed the community composition of pqqC ‐harbouring bacteria but had no effect on their diversity. In two crop seasons, long‐term N fertilization significantly increased the content and proportion of moderately labile Pi (aluminium‐ and iron‐bound P) and available P (AP) and significantly decreased the proportion of recalcitrant Pi (calcium‐bound P) compared with the control. Specifically, AP increased by 79%–778%, Fe‐P by 64%–88%, and Al‐P by 71%–308%, while Ca‐P decreased by 10%–59%. N fertilization increased the relative abundance of Micromonospora , which was significantly positively correlated with moderately labile Pi and AP. Moreover, the relative abundance of some Streptomyces increased by 391% in the sweet potato season, and they were positively correlated with AP. Structural equation modelling revealed that the interplay between the pqqC ‐harbouring community composition and Pi mobilization was mainly governed by pH, underscoring the role of pH in shaping the communities of Pi‐mobilizing microbes and their effect on Pi mobilization processes. This study emphasized how N fertilization and crops reshape Pi‐mobilizing microbial communities, which in turn affects Pi mobilization and P availability. Overall, these findings offer valuable insights into optimizing P cycles and availability through N fertilization strategies.
As a new family member of two-dimensional materials, black phosphorus has attracted much attention due to its infrared band gap and strongly anisotropic properties, bringing new concepts and applications in different fields. In characterizing black phosphorus, optical method and electrical method are typically used to obtain structural information and fundamental properties in terms of behaviors of electrons. So far, more studies are still needed to understand in depth the physical principle and facilitate applications. In this paper, multilayered black phosphorus flakes are synthesized via mechanical exfoliation from the bulk crystal, and field-effect transistors based on few-layer black phosphorus are fabricated by micro-nano fabrication technology, which owns 0°–360° four pairs of symmetrical electrodes. We experimentally obtain the characteristics of Raman modes <inline-formula><tex-math id="M1">\begin{document}${\rm{A}}_{\rm{g}}^{\rm{1}}$\end{document}</tex-math><alternatives><graphic xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="3-20201271_M1.jpg"/><graphic xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="3-20201271_M1.png"/></alternatives></inline-formula>, <inline-formula><tex-math id="Z-20210129033546-1">\begin{document}$ {\rm B_{2g}} $\end{document}</tex-math><alternatives><graphic xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="3-20201271_Z-20210129033546-1.jpg"/><graphic xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="3-20201271_Z-20210129033546-1.png"/></alternatives></inline-formula>, and <inline-formula><tex-math id="M2">\begin{document}${\rm{A}}_{\rm{g}}^2$\end{document}</tex-math><alternatives><graphic xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="3-20201271_M2.jpg"/><graphic xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="3-20201271_M2.png"/></alternatives></inline-formula> in parallel (<i>XX</i>) and vertical (<i>XY</i>) polarization configuration. Furthermore, the angle-dependent source-drain current angle is measured through a BP field-effect transistor. The Raman spectrum results demonstrate that three characteristic peaks are located at 361, 439 and 467 cm<sup>–1</sup> in a range of 200–500 cm<sup>–1</sup>, corresponding to the vibration modes of <inline-formula><tex-math id="M3">\begin{document}${\rm{A}}_{\rm{g}}^{\rm{1}}$\end{document}</tex-math><alternatives><graphic xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="3-20201271_M3.jpg"/><graphic xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="3-20201271_M3.png"/></alternatives></inline-formula>, <inline-formula><tex-math id="Z-20210129033614-1">\begin{document}$ {\rm B_{2g}}, $\end{document}</tex-math><alternatives><graphic xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="3-20201271_Z-20210129033614-1.jpg"/><graphic xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="3-20201271_Z-20210129033614-1.png"/></alternatives></inline-formula> and <inline-formula><tex-math id="M4">\begin{document}${\rm{A}}_{\rm{g}}^2$\end{document}</tex-math><alternatives><graphic xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="3-20201271_M4.jpg"/><graphic xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="3-20201271_M4.png"/></alternatives></inline-formula>, respectively. The fitting experimental data of polarization-dependent Raman spectra also show that the intensity for each of the three characteristic peaks has a 180° periodic variation in a parallel polarization configuration and also in a vertical polarization configuration. The maximum Raman intensity of A<sub>g</sub> is along the AC direction, while that of B<sub>2g</sub> is along the ZZ direction. On the other hand, the electric transport curves illustrate that the largest source leakage current can be obtained near 0° (180°) armchair direction. Such results indicate the anisotropy of black phosphorus. Furthermore, transfer curves with different electrode angles show that the weak bipolarity of black phosphorus at 45° (225°), 90° (270°), and p-type performance at 0° (180°), 135° (315°) can be offered, respectively. This work is conducive to studying the properties and practical applications of devices based on black phosphorus.
Background: The research on fear of childbirth and childbirth self-efficacy of pregnant women in China mainly concentrates on the late pregnancy, and there is a lack of research on the psychology of women during labor. This study aimed to investigate the correlation between fear of childbirth and childbirth self-efficacy during labor. Methods: 378 pregnant women in labor were selected by convenience sampling. They were investigated using a self-designed questionnaire, the Chinese version of Childbirth Attitudes Questionnaire, and the Childbirth Self-Efficacy Inventory. Results: The total score of fear of childbirth during labor was 31.95 ± 9.01, and the total score of childbirth self-efficacy was 212.03 ± 59.64. The total score of fear of childbirth and the score of each dimension were significantly negatively correlated with those of childbirth self-efficacy (R2 = –0.354 to –0.155, p < 0.01). Conclusions: Fear of childbirth during labor should arouse attention of medical staffs. It is necessary to enhance psychological support and childbirth self-efficacy during labor to reduce the fear of childbirth.
Abstract Background Childbirth is a long-lasting physiological stress. As one of the main stressors, labor pain exists throughout the whole process. Childbirth self-efficacy is the confidence, or belief that they can manage pain during childbirth. This sense of self-efficacy determines how pregnant women deal with labor pain and enables them to regulate their behavior and actively deal with childbirth. However, the difference in pain sensitivity between single births (primiparas) and multiple births (multiparas) has rarely been investigated. Objectives This study is aimed at investigating self-efficacy, fear of childbirth, labor pain of primiparas and multiparas and exploring factors related to the perceived labor pain intensity of pregnant women. Design Prospective cross-sectional study. Setting(s) Labour and delivery in a large academic specialized hospital in Guangzhou, China. Participants A total of 347 women, (182 primiparas and 165 multiparas) were enrolled in the data analysis. Pain was assessed before cervical dilatation (cervical dilatation ≤ 3 cm for the first delivery and ≤ 2 cm for the second delivery). Method The general information of participants was obtained by questionnaire and obstetrical records of the subjects were obtained from the electronic medical records extracted from the electronic medical record system (EMRS). Childbirth self-efficacy, fear of childbirth (FOC) and labor pain were compared between primiparas and multiparas. Paired t-test, chi-square test, Mann–Whitney test, univariate and multivariate regression analysis were used to analyze labor pain between the two groups and investigate factors related perceived labor pain intensity. Results The total scores related to fear of childbirth, fetal health, self-control, and labor pain injury of multiparas were notably reduced compared with primiparas (all P < 0.05). The perceived labor pain intensity and duration of the first stage of labor was reduced in the multipara group compared with the primipara group. The childbirth control sense of the multipara was better than that of the primipara. The perceived labor pain intensity was negatively correlated with advanced age (age ≥ 35 years), self-efficacy score, family support, and education (all P < 0.05). In contrast, the perceived labor pain intensity was positively correlated with tension, severe fear of childbirth, and anxiety ( P < 0.05). Self-efficacy, gravidity, delivery cognition, and fear of childbirth were independent risk factors for the perceived labor pain intensity in the latent period (all P < 0.05). Conclusions Fear of childbirth is a predictor of perceived labor pain intensity. The extent of labor pain (minimum and maximum) can be predicted by the level of fear the expectant mother has. During the latent phase of labor, self-efficacy, fear of childbirth and labor pain are different between primiparas and multiparas.
Abstract Straw‐decomposing microbial inoculants (MIs) have been increasingly applied to straw‐amended soils. However, the interactive effects and underlying microbial mechanisms of straw and decomposing MIs on nitrous oxide (N 2 O) emissions remain unclear. Here, a pot experiment with an Aquic Inceptisol was conducted to determine soil N 2 O emissions and the abundance and composition of microbial functional genes under six amendments: wheat straw (W), Bacillus subtilis MI (B), Streptomyces rochei MI (S), a combination of straw and B. subtilis MI (WB), a combination of straw and S. rochei MI (WS), and a control without wheat straw or MI (C). Compared with the control, the amendments of straw, decomposing MIs, and their combinations decreased soil N 2 O emissions by 43%, 22–30%, and 46–60%, respectively. Mechanistically, the positive relationship between ammonia‐oxidizing bacteria (AOB) and soil potential nitrification rate (PNR), along with decreased AOB abundance (−36%) following straw and decomposing MI amendments, further suggested that AOB predominated soil nitrification and was responsible for the suppressed nitrification. In addition, straw amendment increased nirK gene abundance (by 48%) and potential denitrification rate (by 11%), while the increase in nosZI gene abundance (+25%) involved in N 2 O consumption contributed to the decrease in N 2 O emissions. Overall, the additive effect of straw and decomposing MIs on soil N 2 O emissions was associated with two amendment‐induced changes in the abundance and composition of AOB and straw‐stimulated the abundance of the nosZI gene. Our results revealed the potential for mitigating N 2 O emissions following the amendments of straw and MI by influencing soil N 2 O‐related microbial groups.
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