Ten years of urea fertilization alter the pqqC ‐harbouring community and increase soil inorganic phosphorus mobilization
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Abstract The bacterial communities that harbour the pyrroloquinoline quinone gene ( pqqC ‐harbouring bacteria communities) play a pivotal role in the mobilization of inorganic phosphorus (Pi). However, there is limited knowledge regarding the connection between soil pqqC ‐harbouring bacterial communities and Pi fractions, as well as the factors that can regulate them, particularly under different fertilization strategies in the agricultural soil. High‐throughput sequencing was used to investigate the pqqC ‐harbouring communities from the wheat ( Triticum aestivum L.)–sweet potato ( Ipomoea batatas L.) season in a 9‐year field experiment, including without fertilization (control), nitrogen (N) and potassium (K) fertilization (NK), NPK fertilization (NPK) and the combined application of chemical NPK and organic fertilizer (NPKM), and to explore their relationships with Pi fractions and their regulatory factors. Long‐term N fertilization and crop type substantially changed the community composition of pqqC ‐harbouring bacteria but had no effect on their diversity. In two crop seasons, long‐term N fertilization significantly increased the content and proportion of moderately labile Pi (aluminium‐ and iron‐bound P) and available P (AP) and significantly decreased the proportion of recalcitrant Pi (calcium‐bound P) compared with the control. Specifically, AP increased by 79%–778%, Fe‐P by 64%–88%, and Al‐P by 71%–308%, while Ca‐P decreased by 10%–59%. N fertilization increased the relative abundance of Micromonospora , which was significantly positively correlated with moderately labile Pi and AP. Moreover, the relative abundance of some Streptomyces increased by 391% in the sweet potato season, and they were positively correlated with AP. Structural equation modelling revealed that the interplay between the pqqC ‐harbouring community composition and Pi mobilization was mainly governed by pH, underscoring the role of pH in shaping the communities of Pi‐mobilizing microbes and their effect on Pi mobilization processes. This study emphasized how N fertilization and crops reshape Pi‐mobilizing microbial communities, which in turn affects Pi mobilization and P availability. Overall, these findings offer valuable insights into optimizing P cycles and availability through N fertilization strategies.Keywords:
Mobilization
This article discusses how to enhance the application of national economy mobilization system in non-military fields from the following aspects: enhancing coordination, establishing complete mobilization organization system, enhancing media mobilization, establishing efficient mobilization information system, improving mobilization mechanism, safeguarding national security, establishing comprehensive legal regulations, assuring the smooth implementation of mobilization.
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Safeguarding
National economy
Resource mobilization
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Zen Nihon Shinkyu Gakkai zasshi (Journal of the Japan Society of Acupuncture and Moxibustion) (1984)
近年運動療法の一つとして注目されてきている Joint mobilization 法の手技の一部を紹介するとともに, 腰痛症評価表, mobilization テスト表を作成し, 腰痛症の点数評価を試みた。また, 腰痛症に対して, 針治療群, mobilization 群, 針+mobilization 群各5名づつの患者に週2～3回, 1ヵ月間の治療を施行し, 評価表にもとずいて, 各群についての比較, 検討を行った。結果は, 針, mobilization を併用することにより, 腰痛症の治療効果はさらに向上し, 腰痛症の原因として, 腰椎椎間関節機能異常 (facets dysfunction), 仙腸関節の動きの異常を考慮すべきであろうと考えられた。
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Joint mobilization
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Existing work on mobilization can be categorized along two axes: structure vs. culture and bottom-up (individuals) vs. top-down (organizations). Structural top-down mobilization seems now to be complemented with mobilization in which individuals play a larger role and formal organizations are to some extent by-passed.
Mobilization
Community mobilization
Social mobilization
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Experiments were conducted on different fertilization in Castanea mollissima stands in Tonglu, Zhejiang province, with four treatments, including no fertilization, reducing fertilization, conventional fertilization and increment fertilization. The result showed that the biomass of soil microorganisms in the chestnut forest increased with fertilization within certain quantity. The number of bacteria, fungi and actinomycetes were expressed as conventional fertilization increment fertilization reducing fertilization no fertilization. The soil enzyme activity was significantly increased by fertilization, and the activities of sucrase, urease, phosphatase were expressed as increment fertilization conventional fertilization reducing fertilization no fertilization. Different treated stands had no significant effect on single fruit weight. The average single fruit weight ranges from 8.50-8.85g. With the increase of fertilizer quantity, yield of chestnut significantly increased, however, excessive fertilization had negative effect on the yield. The yield of different treated stands ranged from 693.0-1273.5kg/ha.
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summary In a field experiment on a typic hapludoll in 1983 and 1984, deep placement of urea supergranules at 40 and 80 kg N/ha proved to be the best N source, of five tested, for grain production, but at 120 kg N/ha it was similar to neem-cake-coated urea. The results showed that deep placement of urea supergranules can save fertilizer use by 60% compared with prilled urea to obtain the same yield. Shellac-coated urea and dicyandiamide-coated urea was more effective than prilled urea in 1984. Differences in dry-matter production and grain yield were directly related to N uptake by the plants. On average, apparent recovery of applied N increased from 35% for prilled urea to 55, 52·5,46·5 and 37·5% for urea supergranules, neem-cake-coated urea, shellac-coated urea and dicyandiamide-coated urea, respectively.
Coated urea
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The effects of different fertilization modes and levels on the growth and production of maize are studied.On the fertilization ratio(N∶P=1∶1) the 1000-grain weight increases on all levels of fertilization compared with the non-fertilization and increases to the maximum on the middle fertilization level,while it decreases on both the low fertilization and high fertilization levels;while on the fertilization ratio(N∶P=0.5∶1) the production increases with higher fertilization levels and the 1000-grain weight gets to the maximum on the low fertilization level.The diameter,shoot height and number of the leaves increase in the similar pattern on different fertilization modes.The fertilization has significant effects on them compared with the non-fertilization.The three indicators have little changes on the middle and higher levels.The two different fertilization modes have significant difference in the low fertilization level.It can be concluded that in low ratio of N and P the production increases with the fertilization level and the N is the limitting factor.While in the high ratio of N and P the production increases at first and decreases,the P becomes the limiting factor.To get high production the fertilization levels should be on the middle level on two different fertilization modes from the economic prospect.The study is to provide theoretical guidance for the proper fertilization of the maize in Three Gorges Region.
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The activity of fighting against SARS demonstrates the might of the Mobilization of National Economy. Practice has proven that Mobilization of National Economy is a very important means of national security. This paper analyses the Mobilization in fighting against SARS from 9 aspects, and from the angle of national security, it calls on people to use this opportunity of building up Emergency System to promote all kinds of national security preparation of Mobilization and make it an all-round Mobilization under the name of national security.
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National economy
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