Taking four plant species, Caragana korshinskii, Salix psammophila, Hippophae rhamnides and Artemisia sphaerocephala, which were 3-4 years old and in vigorous growth period, as test materials, the anti-fracture forces of lateral-root branches and adjacent upper straight roots were measured with the self-made fixture and the instrument of TY 8000. The lateral-root branches were vital and the diameters were 1-4 mm. The results showed that the anti-fracture force and anti-fracture strength of lateral-root branches were lesser than those of the adjacent upper straight roots even though the average diameter of lateral-root branches was greater. The ratios of anti-fracture strength of lateral-root branches to the adjacent upper straight roots were 71.5% for C. korshinskii, 62.9% for S. psammophila, 45.4% for H. rhamnides and 35.4% for A. sphaerocephala. For the four plants, the anti-fracture force positively correlated with the diameter in a power function, while the anti-fracture strength negatively correlated with diameter in a power function. The anti-fracture strengths of lateral-root branches and adjacent upper straight roots for the four species followed the sequence of C. korshinskii (33.66 and 47.06 MPa) > S. psammophila (17.31 and 27.54 MPa) > H. rhamnides (3.97 and 8.75 MPa) > A. sphaerphala (2.18 and 6.15 MPa).
Oxathiapiprolin was developed as a specific plant pathogenic oomycete inhibitor, previously shown to have highly curative and protective activities against the pepper Phytophthora blight disease under field and greenhouse tests. Therefore, it was hypothesized that oxathiapiprolin might potentially activate the plant disease resistance against pathogen infections. This study investigated the potential and related mechanism of oxathiapiprolin to activate the plant disease resistance using the bacterium Pseudomonas syringae pv tomato (Pst) and plant Arabidopsis interaction as the targeted system. Our results showed that oxathiapiprolin could activate the plant disease resistance against Pst DC3000, a non-target pathogen of oxathiapiprolin, in Arabidopsis, tobacco, and tomato plants. Our results also showed the enhanced callose deposition and H2O2 accumulation in the oxathiapiprolin-treated Arabidopsis under the induction of flg22 as the pathogen-associated molecular pattern (PAMP) treatment. Furthermore, increased levels of free salicylic acid (SA) and jasmonic acid (JA) were detected in the oxathiapiprolin-treated Arabidopsis plants compared to the mock-treated ones under the challenge of Pst DC3000. Besides, the gene expression results confirmed that at 24 h after the infiltration with Pst DC3000, the oxathiapiprolin-treated Arabidopsis plants had upregulated expression levels of the respiratory burst oxidase homolog D (RBOHD), JA-responsive gene (PDF1.2), and SA-responsive genes (PR1, PR2, and PR5) compared to the control. Taken together, oxathiapiprolin is identified as a novel chemical inducer which activates the plant disease resistance against Pst DC3000 by enhancing the callose deposition, H2O2 accumulation, and hormone SA and JA production.
Abstract Unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) have been increasingly employed for fungicide applications in plant disease control. However, due to weight limitations, the fungicides sprayed through UAVs must be in low volumes with high concentrations in many instances, which may result in potential phytotoxicity. Here we evaluate the safety of low-volume spray of chemicals on rice plants. The plants were sprayed with propiconazole emulsifiable concentrate (EC) at 250 g/L mixed with various adjuvants and applied at a low volume, which contained the fungicide at concentrations equivalent to or higher than that used in UAV application. The spray adjuvants included YS-20, Biaopu adjuvant, TriTek, Yipinsongzhi, AgriSolv-C100, and Hongyuyan. Potential phytotoxicity on rice plants was examined based on surface tension and crop growth. Additives suitable for a low-volume spray of propiconazole were also assessed on three rice varieties for phytotoxicity. The results showed that after 72 h of fungicide application at 2, 4, and 8 times the recommended dose of 7500 μg/mL for UAV spray, rice leaves exhibited abnormal growth, and the dry weight of rice significantly decreased 21 days after application. Phytotoxicity was evaluated on three rice varieties 5 days after spraying propiconazole EC at 2 × recommended dose with one of the spray adjuvants. The addition of 1% YS-20, Biaopu adjuvant, TriTek, and Yipinsongzhi significantly augmented the phytotoxicity. However, both AgriSolv-C100 and Hongyuyan significantly reduced the comprehensive index of phytotoxicity and, therefore, could be used for UAV applications.
The emergence of MDR in plant pathogens is a threat to plant disease management and leads to the use of excessive fungicides. Botrytis cinerea is of particular concern because its MDR has widely emerged in the field. Understanding its genesis is the first step for controlling MDR. In this study, the contribution of PSMs to MDR has been examined. Effective management of this pathogen in agroecosystems relies on a better understanding of how it copes with phytochemicals or fungicides.
Objective： To explore the mechanism of Miao ethnicity medicine formula of Oxalis corniculata against chronic non-bacterial prostatitis. Methods: The rat model of chronic abacterial prostatitis was induced by stimulation with 2% sterile carrageenan solution. After modeling, the rats were randomly divided into two groups, Model control group (Model group) and oxalis group. Another normal control group was set up. The rats in the Model group and the normal control group were given 0.01ml/g normal saline by gavage, and the rats in the oxalis alis group were given 1ml/100g (1 g/kg) of Oxalis corniculata L warm water decoction by gavage once a day for 28 days. Twenty-four hours after the last administration, 10ml blood was collected from the abdominal aorta of the rats, and prostate tissue samples were collected from the rats. hematoxylin-eosin (HE) staining was used to observe the morphological structure of the prostate in normal and prostatitis rats. ELISA was used to detect the levels of serum and prostate cytokines. The protein expressions of 4-HNE , ALDH2 and FGF2 were detected by Western blot. Results: Compared with the blank group, the model group showed obvious hyperplasia of fibrous tissue in the interstitium of the prostate tissue, disordered glandular structure, papillary hyperplasia of epithelial cells in the acini, infiltration of a small amount of lymphocytes, monocytes and other inflammatory cells in the acini, and increased pathological scores. The protein expressions of 4-HNE , ALDH2 , MCP-1 and FGF2 in prostate tissue were significantly increased. Compared with the model group, the prostate tissue of the oxalis group was slightly damaged, with a small amount of fibrous hyperplasia and inflammatory cell infiltration. The protein expressions of 4-HNE , ALDH2 , MCP-1 and FGF2 were decreased in prostate tissue. Conclusion： Oxalis corniculata L can effectively repair the pathological morphology of prostate tissue in rats with CNP, and its mechanism may be related to activating 4-HNE protein and reducing oxidative stress injury of prostate tissue in rats.
Abstract Neonicotinoid insecticides are used for preventing insects from transmitting plant viruses. This group of chemicals are easily taken up by plants and translocated to different tissues and are applicable for soil treatment in sustained-release tablets, which greatly reduces environmental contamination compared to foliar spray. The goal of this study was to examine the efficacy of thiamethoxam, acetamiprid and nitenpyram in tablet formulation against whitefly, Bemisia tabaci , the vector of tomato chlorosis virus (ToCV) under laboratory and greenhouse conditions. Effective 50% lethal concentration (LC 50 ) of thiamethoxam, acetamiprid, and nitenpyram on B. tabaci were 2.18, 0.46 and 0.18 μg/g plant tissue, respectively. In vitro test showed that tablets of 10 mg nitenpyram applied in seedbed with thiamethoxam transplanting treatment showed 80.9% control of B. tabaci on tomato and 75.5% of ToCV after 32 days of transplanting. Therefore, neonicotinoid tablets were an effective strategy of soil treatment in controlling viruliferous insects and ToCV with reduced environmental contamination.
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