Effects of nitrate (NO3−) stress-induced exacerbated cadmium (Cd2+) toxicity on the inflammatory response, oxidative defense, and apoptosis in juvenile Japanese flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus)
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Paralichthys
Olive flounder
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Olive flounder
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Japanese flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus) larvae were reared on feed supplement with Lactobacillus rhamnosus P15 alone and flavomycin. After 60 days of feeding, the total numbers of aerobes, vibrios, and lactic acid bacteria (LAB) were measured by plate colony count. The result showed that the numbers of LAB rose in both culture water and intestine of the flounder administrated with suspended and lyophilized bacteria. After 30 days, LAB colonized in the flounder gut with stable number. Meanwhile, the number of vibrios reduced, especially in the flounder gut, owing to the inhibitory effect of LAB. LAB had no effects on aerobes in culture water and Japanese flounder gut. The influences of LAB on the microflora in culture water and Japanese flounder gut were similar to those of flavomycin. It was suggested that LAB additive could be used in Japanese flounder culture as substitute for antibiotics.
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The potential of phenanthrene to induce xenobiotic responses was investigated. Olive flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus) was exposed to different levels of phenanthrene $(0.5,\;1\;and\;{\mu}M)$ for 4 weeks, Gill CYP450 content and EROD (ethoxyresorufin O-deethylation) activity were found to be significant in the flounders treated with the higher concentration of phenanthrene $(>1.0\;{\mu}M)$ , however, there were no significant changes in gill PROD (penthoxyresorufin O-deethylation) activity in all treated group compared to the controls. This study demonstrated that phenanthrene has potential to induce gill cytochrome P450 and EROD enzyme in olive flounder.
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Olive flounder
Xenobiotic
Biotransformation
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Olive flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus) was exposed to water-borne phenanthrene for 4 weeks. After the exposure for 2-weeks, hepatic cytochrome P450 contents were significantly elevated. Induction of hepatic ethoxy resorufin-O-deethylase (PROD) activity was significantly increased in flounders treated with 1.0 and 2.0 M phenanthrene, compared to untreated group and 0.5 M treated group. However, there were no significant changes in pentoxyresorufin-O-deethylase (PROD) activity in hepatic microsome of all the phenanthrene-treated groups, compared to the untreated group. Phenanthrene has the potential to induce cytochrome P450 and EROD enzyme of the olive flounder.
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A cell line, designated as FF-11, was developed from Japanese flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus) fin. This epithelioid cell has been passed 45 times in a period of 2 years in Leibovitz's L-15 medium supplemented with 20% fetal bovine serum (FBS) at 20deg;C. A modal number of chromosomes at passage 42 was 48, which is the same as that of normal flounder somatic cells. The temperature range from 20 to 28deg;C supported the growth of FF-11 cell and optimal growth occurred at 25 to 28deg;C, but 37deg;C was lethal. Cells were able to be stored at a -80deg;C with 10% dimethyl sulphoxide for at least 12 months and no mycoplasmal, bacterial or fungal contaminations were detected. The FF-11 cell line was susceptible to yellowtail ascites virus (YAV) and Rhabdovirus olivaceus (HRV), but the susceptibility was lower than those of established fish cell lines (FHM, EPC, CHSE-214, RTG-2). It was tried to isolate flounder herpesvirus (FHV), the causative agent of epidermal hyperplasia of flounder larvae, by FF-11 cell, but to no avail.
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Relationship between hsp 70 expression and development of thermotolerance in the olive flounder was investigated by exposing the fish to 23 or 26℃ for 1 h. After selected intervals, they were re-exposed to 31℃ for a duration of 15 min. Theremotolerance rapidly developed with increasing interval and peaked at 3 h interval. Subsequently, it gradually decayed and disappeared by 24 h interval. The flounder displayed remarkably high levels of hsp 70 mRNA and protein, as compared to control flounder. Hence, the olive flounder acquires thermotolerance, which is positively correlated with the synthesis of hsp 70.
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Olive flounder
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Olive flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus) was exposed to water-borne phenanthrene for 4 weeks. After the exposure for 2-weeks, hepatic cytochrome P450 contents were significantly elevated. Induction of hepatic ethoxy resorufin-O-deethylase (EROD) activity was significantly increased in flounders treated with 1.0 and 2.0 μM phenanthrene, compared to untreated group and 0.5 μM treated group. However, there were no significant changes in pentoxyresorufin-O-deethylase (PROD) activity in hepatic microsome of all the phenanthrene-treated groups, compared to the untreated group. Phenanthrene has the potential to induce cytochrome P450 and EROD enzyme of the olive flounder.
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Paralichthys
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【Effects of the commercially available or formulated extruded pellets (EP) and raw fish-based moist pellet (MP) on growth and body composition of flounder Paralichthys olivaceus L. were evaluated on commercial scale for 10 months. Survivals of flounder fed the MP, EP 1 and EP3 were not significantly different from those of fish fed the EP2 or EP5, but significantly (P $55\%$ protein level, and weight gain of fish fed the high lipid diet (MP) compared to low lipid diet (EP5) in the $61\%$ protein level indicated protein-sparing effect of lipid. FER for flounder fed the EP3. which was not significantly different from that for fish fed the EP1 or EP5 was significantly (P】
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Pellet
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Miamiensis avidus, a causative agent of scuticociliatosis in olive flounder Paralichthys olivaceus, was previously reported to proliferate the fastest in media with an osmolarity of 300 to 500 mOsm kg(-1). This suggests that hyposaline conditions can promote the development of the disease. In the present study, olive flounder constantly showed high mortalities when they were experimentally challenged with the parasite by immersion and subsequently reared in hyposaline conditions. Furthermore, affected flounder produced by the challenge showed symptoms identical to those in naturally infected flounder. It was experimentally demonstrated that hyposaline conditions can be a key factor for the development and outbreak of scuticociliatosis in olive flounder.
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