We studied the effects of 5- and 6-hydroxydopamine on adrenergic neurotransmission, fluorescence histochemistry, and nerve terminal ultrastructure in the canine pulmonary vascular bed. Fluorescence histochemistry on stretched preparations and sections of intrapulmonary artery and vein demonstrated that these vessels are well supplied with adrenergic nerves electron microscopy revealed adrenergic terminals in the adventitia and outer third of the media in the artery, but only in the adventitia in the vein. Adrenergic terminals in artery and vein contained many small and a few large dense-core vesicles. At least 20% of the terminals in the artery contained many small agranular vesicles and a few large opaque vesicles; this suggests that they were of the cholinergic type; Such terminals were not found in intrapulmonary veins. Under conditions of controlled blood flow, stimulation of the sympathetic nerves to the lung and intralobar injection of norepinephrine increased pressure in the perfused lobar artery and small intrapulmonary vein in a stimulus-related manner. The rise in pressure in the lobar artery and vein in response to nerve stimulation was blocked after administration of either 5- and 6-hydroxydopamine; Neither agent modified the response of the pulmonary vascular bed to norepinephrine; In contrast, the rise in pressure in the lobar artery and vein in response to both norepinephrine and to nerve stimulation was blocked by phenoxybenzamine, an alpha-receptor blocking agent. The attenuated neurogenic vasoconstrictor response in dogs treated with 5- and 6-hydroxydopamine was associated with a marked decrease in intensity of fluorescence of the abundant adrenergic innervation in both intrapulmonary artery and vein, and with the appearance of an osmiophilic material in dense-core vesicles of adrenergic terminals in artery and vein. We believe that these data suggest that 5- and 6-hydroxydopamine interfere with adrenergic transmission in intrapulmonary vessels by depleting norepinephrine from adrenergic terminals. Furthermore, we conclude from hemodynamic, histochemical, and ultrastructural studies that vasomotor tone in the pulmonary vascular bed can be regulated by the sympathetic nervous system.
Abstract Nerve terminal‐smooth muscle relationships were studied in pulmonary arteries of the cat using 5‐hydroxydopamine to help differentiate adrenergic and nonadrenergic terminals. There was a periarterial plexus of nerves in the walls of pulmonary arteries that extended into the lung to innervate even small arteries having a single layer of smooth muscle cells. Adrenergic nerves surrounded all arteries and extended into the tunica media of the large arteries. There were also apparent cholinergic nerves around the pulmonary arteries, although this was confirmed by electron microscopy for medium‐ and small‐sized arteries only. The relationships of nerve terminals to smooth muscle cells in pulmonary arteries suggest that release of norepinephrine by adrenergic terminals can produce both decreased compliance and increased resistance in the pulmonary vascular bed, and that acetylcholine released by cholinergic terminals may act directly on vascular smooth muscle or on adrenergic terminals to modulate release of norepinephrine. These results suggest that both sympathetic and parasympathetic nerves may have a regulatory role in the pulmonary circulation.
The effect of vortex-generators on the heat transfer from the internally ribbed passages of a turbine blade coolant channel is studied experimentally using a mass-transfer technique. Cylindrical vortex-generators placed directly above the ribs have been used in this study. Results are reported on the effect of the spacing between the vortex-generator and the ribs. Detailed distributions of the Sherwood number contours and the centerline Sherwood number distributions are presented. Three generator-rib-spacing/rib-height (s/e) values of 0.55, 1, and 1.5 are considered. It is shown that at small generator-rib spacings (s/e = 0.55), the two act as a single element, and lead to a retardation of the shear layer development past the reattachment point. This is generally associated with lower heat transfer. At a larger generator-rib spacing (s/e = 1.5), the generator-wake and the rib-shear-layer interact with each other to promote mixing and heat transfer.
Abstract A study was made of the ultrastructural and histochemical characteristics of atrial muscle cells. The myofibrils of these cells do not converge at the nuclear poles as in the ventricular cells, but leave large sarcoplasmic spaces in the central cores, which contain mitochondria, small amounts of rough‐surfaced sarcoplasmic reticulum, free ribosomes and one or more well developed Golgi complexes. Numerous cytoplasmic granules, many of which are closely associated with the Golgi material, are present in these cells. These granules can be demonstrated in paraffin sections by the Bowie stain. The smooth‐surfaced sarcoplasmic reticulum of atrial fibers consists of a meshwork of interconnected tubules which pass uninterruptedly from one sarcomere to another. No transverse dilatations or T tubules are present as in ventricular cells; however, there are numerous subsarcolemmal cisterns consisting of flattened dilatations of sarcoplasmic reticulum which lie in close proximity to the internal surface of the sarcolemma. There is considerable variation from one cell to another in the number and compactness of arrangement of the myofibrils, and in the abundance of other cellular components. On the basis of the above findings, we suggest that atrial muscle cells may have a secretory as well as a contractile function.
The effect of vortex generators on the mass (heat) transfer from the ribbed passage of a two-pass turbine blade coolant channel is investigated with the intent of optimizing the vortex generator geometry so that significant enhancements in mass/heat transfer can be achieved. In the experimental configuration considered, ribs are mounted on two opposite walls; all four walls along each pass are active and have mass transfer from their surfaces but the ribs are nonparticipating. Mass transfer measurements, in the form of Sherwood number ratios, are made along the centerline and in selected interrib modules. Results are presented for Reynolds number in the range of 5000 to 40,000, pitch to rib height ratios of 10.5 and 21, and vortex generator-rib spacing to rib height ratios of 0.55 and 1.5. Centerline and spanwise-averaged Sherwood number ratios are presented along with contours of the Sherwood number ratios. Results indicate that the vortex generators lead to substantial increases in the local mass transfer rates, particularly along the side walls, and modest increases in the average mass transfer rates. The vortex generators have the effect of making the interrib profiles along the ribbed walls more uniform. Along the side walls, vortices that characterize the vortex generator wake are associated with significant mass transfer enhancements. The wake effects and the levels of enhancement decrease somewhat with increasing Reynolds number and decreasing pitch.