Abstract The inedible parts of nuts and stone fruits are low-cost and lignin-rich feedstock for more sustainable production of aromatic chemicals in comparison with the agricultural and forestry residues. However, the depolymerization performances on those food-related biomass remains unclear, owing to the broad physicochemical variations from the edible parts of the fruits and plant species. In this study, the monomer production potentials of ten major fruit and nutshell biomass were investigated with comprehensive numerical information derived from instrumental analysis, such as plant cell wall chemical compositions, syringyl/guaiacyl (S/G) ratios, and contents of lignin substructure linkages (β-O-4, β-β, β-5). A standardized one-pot reductive catalytic fractionation (RCF) process was applied to benchmark the monomer yields, and the results were statistically analyzed using Mantel’s test and Pearson correlations. Among all the tested biomass, mango endocarp provided the highest monolignol yields of 37.1% per dry substrates, respectively. Positive S-lignin (70-84%) resulted in higher monomer yield mainly due to more cleavable β-O-4 linkages and less condensed C-C linkages. Strong positive relationships were identified between β-O-4 and S-lignin and between β-5 and G-lignin. The analytical, numerical, and experimental results of this study shed lights to process design of lignin-first biorefinery in food-processing industries and waste management works.
High-yield fractionation and depolymerization to convert woody waste-derived lignin into cycloalkane hydrocarbons is an essential subject to complete the function of sustainable aviation fuel (SAF). However, the biorefinery process needs to be carefully designed to produce small molecular weight monolignol at significant quantity. Our recent studies demonstrate that in comparison to one-pot catalytic transfer hydrogenolysis (CTH), in which large quantity of cellulosic fibres are forming into low value chars, lignocellulosic biomass could produce a higher quantity of SAF after mild fractionation. To upgrade the organosolv induced C-O-C protection during acid catalyzed biomass pretreatment process for treating municipal woody waste, this study performed 24 sets of pretreatment experiments followed by CTH to produce cycloalkane hydrocarbons SAF. We compared the types and yield of SAF precursors after the conventional, staged pretreatment, and biphasic pretreatment over the one-pot CTH approach with detailed lignin-lignin characterization and regression analysis. The results confirmed that all organosolv pretreatment strategies could benefit lignin-lignin dissociation and increase its solubility before CTH. Preservation of β-O-4 linkages up to 42% can benefit the monomer yield by 30% in the downstream process.
Background: The rate of infections caused by Morganella species is reported to be affected by difficulties in their isolation. Enterobacter, species, Citrobacter freundii, Serratia marcescens, and Morganella morganii are the major pathogens involved in hospital acquired infections. All of them are extensively reported in the infections of urinary tract, respiratory tract, cutaneous disorders, catheter associated infections and infections of the central nervous system.Objective: To investigate the frequency of ESBL producing bacteria in Urinary Tract Infection. Material and Methods: A cross-sectional study of 200 urine samples was collected from the outdoor patient departments of Khyber Teaching Hospital Peshawar through consecutive sampling technique during April, 2019 to June 2019. The urine samples were collected and then cultured on selective media i.e., Cysteine Lactose Electrolyte Deficient Agar (CLED) and on MacConkey agar plates. Isolates were identified by conventional morphological and biochemical tests while antibiotic susceptibility was analyzed by “Agar disc diffusion method” using different antibiotics and their zone of inhibition was measured. Results: Total 200 samples processed, 125 (62.5%) isolates, including 67 (53.6%) females, tested positive for the growth of Gram-negative bacteria. Among the identified species, 76 (60.8%) isolates produced ESBLs, with Escherichia coli accounting for 32.6%, Enterobacter for 23.2%, and Morganella species for 12.0%. Moreover, 77 (61.6%) of the isolates were found to be MBL positive, with 30 (24.0%) of them being E. coli, 28 (22.4%) being Enterobacter, and 19 (15.2%) being Morganella spp. The isolates formed a zone of inhibition like a clover leaf and demonstrated a sensitivity of 85 (68%) to antibiotics in the carbapenem class, such as imipenem and meropenem. Cefoparazone/Sulbactam 80 (64.0%), Ofloxacin 79 (63.2%), and Amikacin 78 (62.4%) were the next three antibiotics with high sensitivity. Ampicillin 106 (84.8%) showed the highest resistance, followed by Nitrofurantoin 84 (67.2%) and Ceftriaxone 79 (63.2%), in that order. Conclusion: The study indicated that ESBL-producing bacteria were present frequently among UTI patients. Most of the isolates exhibited strong carbapenem class antibiotic sensitivity. The findings of this study may contribute to the formulation of tactics to lower the incidence of ESBL-producing UTI.Keywords: Antibiotics resistance, Gram Negative bacteria, Plasmid-mediated enzymes, UTI.
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