N-Methyl-2-pyrrolidone pre-treatment of lignocellulose for high lignin yield and cellulose digestibility
M. K. IslamJianyu GuanShazia RehmanRaffel Dharma PatriaChuanshuang HuLitao GuanShao‐Yuan LeuArun K. Vuppaladadiyam
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Abstract Up to now, experimental limitations have prevented researchers from achieving the molecular‐level understanding for the initial steps of the enzymatic hydrolysis of cellulose, where cellulase breaks down the crystal structure on the surface region of cellulose and exposes cellulose chains for the subsequent hydrolysis by cellulase. Because one of these non‐hydrolytic enzymatic steps could be the rate‐limiting step for the entire enzymatic hydrolysis of crystalline cellulose by cellulase, being able to analyze and understand these steps is instrumental in uncovering novel leads for improving the efficiency of cellulase. In this communication, we report an innovative application of the microcantilever technique for a real‐time assessment of the morphological change of cellulose induced by a treatment of sodium chloride. This sensitive nanomechanical approach to define changes in surface structure of cellulose has the potential to permit a real‐time assessment of the effect of the non‐hydrolytic activities of cellulase on cellulose and thereby to provide a comprehensive understanding of the initial steps of the enzymatic hydrolysis of cellulose. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2010;107: 190–194. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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a discussion about the opportunity and challenge for lignin valorization, especially for the aromatic chemicals preparation, is firstly provided (Chapter 4.1). Then, focusing on the topic of lignin (catalytic) depolymerization to aromatic monomers, the involved scientific questions are briefly summarized (Chapter 4.2) as follows: (1) promoting the lignin depolymerization via selective cleavage of the ubiquitous lignin C–O/C–C bonds, increasing the conversion; and (2) restraining the lignin fragments recondensation with more stable chemical bonds generation or multimers formation, increasing the selectivity and final monomer yield. Then, two different approaches for the foundation of lignin depolymerization strategies are introduced: (1) direct lignin conversion; and (2) the bottom-up approach (Chapter 4.3). To provide a macro understanding of the research field of lignin conversion, the classification of lignin conversion methods by reaction types is summarized (Chapter 4.4), during which the corresponding catalyst types are also briefly provided. Then, a brief list of some representative systems reported in the last 10 years for native/technical lignin conversion is provided (Chapter 4.5). Based on the brief introduction and summary of the lignin conversion research in this chapter, we hope to provide a basic understanding of the lignin conversion process, which can make the acceptance of the following mechanism discussion easier.
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The technological conditions of degrading cellulose of haulm by cross experiments were studied with cellulase.The experimental results showed by cross experiments that the influential extent of affecting factors to degrading cellulose of haulm is:A(Enzyme amount)B(Substrate concentration)E(Reaction time)C(Reaction temperature)D(pH).The best combination of degrading cellulose of haulm with cellulase is A3B1E3C3D2,that is,the optimal conditions of degrading cellulose are 0.2% of cellulase,5.0% of haulm,at 50℃ and pH 5.0 for 2.0hrs.The ratio of cellulose to glucose reached 22.3% within only two hours which the time is shortened 12-30 times compared with the traditional enzymatic way.
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