The inedible parts of nuts and stone fruits are low-cost and lignin-rich feedstock for more sustainable production of aromatic chemicals in comparison with the agricultural and forestry residues. However, the depolymerization performances on food-related biomass remains unclear, owing to the broad physicochemical variations from the edible parts of the fruits and plant species. In this study, the monomer production potentials of ten major fruit and nutshell biomass were investigated with comprehensive numerical information derived from instrumental analysis, such as plant cell wall chemical compositions, syringyl/guaiacyl (S/G ratios, and contents of lignin substructure linkages (β-O-4, β-β, β-5). A standardized one-pot reductive catalytic fractionation (RCF) process was applied to benchmark the monomer yields, and the results were statistically analyzed. Among all the tested biomass, mango endocarp provided the highest monolignol yields of 37.1 % per dry substrates. Positive S-lignin (70-84 %) resulted in higher monomer yield mainly due to more cleavable β-O-4 linkages and less condensed C-C linkages. Strong positive relationships were identified between β-O-4 and S-lignin and between β-5 and G-lignin. The analytical, numerical, and experimental results of this study shed lights to process design of lignin-first biorefinery in food-processing industries and waste management works.
The current study highlights the challenges for GI protection of trans-border products, in Basmati rice. Various international treaties, e.g., Lisbon Agreement, Paris convention, and TRIPS Agreement describe partly the protection of geographical indications (GIs) or appellations of origin. Both India and Pakistan are TRIPS member countries and claim Basmati rice as their GI and have tagged Basmati as GI in their respective territories. Europe is an expanding market for Basmati, and EU is implementing import regulations on food products based on GI reputation for high quality products. India has sought GI protection of Basmati rice in EU followed by staunch opposition by Pakistan. Current study will briefly highlight the recent developments of this GI dispute on Basmati rice between India and Pakistan in EU,New Zealand and Australia.
A BSTRACT A successful approach for periodontitis treatment is in situ gel administration, which delivers medication to the site of infection in a controlled and continuous manner. Researchers used components such as zein, borneol, piperine, and curcumin to create a formulation. The formulations demonstrated antimicrobial effects and were designed to target the inflammatory condition associated with dysbiosis in periodontitis. Polymers such as gellan gum, alginic acid, xyloglucan, pectin, chitosan, poly (D Lactic acid), poly (DL-lactide co glycolide), and polycaprolactone are commonly used polymers to prepare the In situ gel formulation , which enables prolonged medication and Controlled release. In the presence of ions, alginic acid gels are biocompatible. Whereas pectin gels are used in the presence of calcium ions, xyloglucan gels are used in response to temperature fluctuations. To increase the efficacy of the treatment, the studies sought to enhance gel characteristics such as gelation temperature, thickness, and drug release rate. The improved formulations showed anti-inflammatory solid effects and efficient drug delivery for periodontal conditions by significantly reducing pocket depth, plaque, and gum inflammation. The direct application of in situ gels offers targeted delivery, few side effects, and self-administration; the review focuses on the benefits, advantages, and disadvantages of in situ gel administration for periodontitis, as well as the characteristics of tooth physiology, preparation techniques, and polymers and biomarkers used. Assessments of in situ gels: To significantly improve periodontitis treatment, future research should focus on clinical studies to contribute substantially to periodontitis treatment.
This study highlights the bio-based production of 2,3-butanediol (2,3-BDO) using a newly isolated strain for the bioconversion of organosolv-pretreated empty fruit bunches (EFB) of oil palm.The microbially produced 2,3-BDO has been considered similar in functionality and a more sustainable chemical than fossil-based chemical (1,4-BDO).As diol pretreated lignocellulosic biomass is hemicellulose-free and rapidly hydrolyzable, EFB was successfully converted into 40 g/L 2,3-BDO with 0.48 g/gglucan (96% of the maximum theoretical yield).In addition, a comparative energy assessment revealed that 2,3-BDO bio-production consumed >50 MJ/kg energy from the biomass, which was equivalent to the fossil energy consumption of 1,4-BDO industrial production but 39% reduced GHG emissions than the conventional processes.This finding demonstrates the cost-effectiveness and eco-friendly features for 2,3-BDO production using waste biomass derived from the exiting industry.Principally, by recycling the produced 2,3-BDO for replacing the used pretreatment reagent (organosolv), the biorefinery can eventually become self-sustainable without the need of additional energy and chemicals.
Filamentous fungi are considered to be the most important group of microorganisms for the production of plant cell wall degrading enzymes (CWDE), in solid state fermentations. In this study, two fungal strains Aspergillus niger MS23 and Aspergillus terreus MS105 were screened for plant CWDE such as amylase, pectinase, xylanase and cellulases (β-glucosidase, endoglucanase and filterpaperase) using a novel substrate, Banana Peels (BP) for SSF process. This is the first study, to the best of our knowledge, to use BP as SSF substrate for plant CWDE production by co-culture of fungal strains. The titers of pectinase were significantly improved in co-culture compared to mono-culture. Furthermore, the enzyme preparations obtained from monoculture and co-culture were used to study the hydrolysis of BP along with some crude and purified substrates. It was observed that the enzymatic hydrolysis of different crude and purified substrates accomplished after 26 h of incubation, where pectin was maximally hydrolyzed by the enzyme preparations of mono and co-culture. Along with purified substrates, crude materials were also proved to be efficiently degraded by the cocktail of the CWDE. These results demonstrated that banana peels may be a potential substrate in solid-state fermentation for the production of plant cell wall degrading enzymes to be used for improving various biotechnological and industrial processes.
The pretreatment is the most important step for biomass conversion which alters the structure of lignocellulosic biomass to make the substrate accessible enzymatic saccharification and fractionates biomass into the major components for complete utilization of biomass.The fractionation of major biomass components after traditional organosolv pretreatment is tedious and energy-intensive especially when solvent recovery is crucial.In this study, pentanol/water biphasic pretreatment of acacia wood was carried out to investigate energy benefits of the process, pretreatment efficiency, and lignin potential to produce value-added chemicals.The two completely immiscible phases facilitated the separation of biomass fractions which reduced about 46.5% of the total energy consumption for pretreatment and fractionation process.Besides, the lower distribution co-efficient of acid in the organic phase preserved approximately 26.4% of β-aryl ether (β-O-4) linkage in lignin which further increased the energy benefits of the pretreatment process by increasing lignin valorization potential.
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