Stress can be defined as any internal or external factor that affects the homeostasis of the animal. The factors by which it is caused are called as stressors. Stress is one of the known factors to have an impact on the reproductive physiology of the animals in terms of reduced fertility and sexual behaviour, as, it is believed that the stress hormones have inhibiting effect on gonadotropin releasing hormone. The wild felids are thought to get easily stressed while capturing, which, can have effect on the normal hormonal profile. Non- invasive collection of samples includes the collection of faeces and urine from the animals’ enclosure or night cell in captivity without disturbing the normal routine of the animal. Faecal and urine samples of nine adult healthy animals which was deposited in the morning or 24 hours were collected on weekly intervals for 14 weeks from the night cell. Faecal samples were dried and extracted for cortisol by ethanol, whereas, urine puddles were collected from the floor by aspirating with the sterilized syringe. the least average value for faecal and urine cortisol has been found in the third week (4269 ± 932 pg/g) and tenth week (5541 ± 763 pg/mL), whereas, highest mean value for faecal and urine cortisol was observed on the second week (8652 ± 2484 pg/g) and fifth week (42077 ± 31906 pg/mL) respectively. It has shown a significant change between the groups on the first week of the trial for faecal cortisol, in which the lowest average value was exhibited by the G III (2444 ± 1309 pg/g) and the highest in G II (10310 ± 2542 pg/g). However, urine cortisol has shown a significant change between the groups on the fourth week of the trial with the highest value being exhibited by the G III (25250 ± 1380 pg/mL) and lowest in the G I (5183 ± 691 pg/mL). It was observed that the concentration of cortisol remains elevated in unmated group of animals as compared to mated animals.
Hodgkin (SPIE 6207(2006)) extended NVThermIP to be applicable to cold weather conditions. We also (IRPhys&Technol.51 (2008)520) later published an analysis of the effect of varying ambient temperature (Tamb) by modifying the inputs to NVTherm2002, and by using spectrally-weighted atmospheric transmission calculated from MODTRAN at different ambient temperatures and relative humidities (RH). We took into account the effects on the integration time and NETD, and we now account for the variation of ▵T with varying Tamb, as Hodgkin has done. The overall trends are similar, but we have NVTherm, not NVThermIP. We vary the parameters associated with Johnson's criteria to obtain similar results. Note that diurnal, seasonal, climatic and microclimatic variations of relative humidity (RH) significantly impact the performance of thermal imagers, especially LWIR ones. We compare the performance of thermal imagers a horizontal mean-sea-level path in clear weather conditions for terrestrial imagers and ground targets/scenes in both LWIR and MWIR bands, as a function of the ambient temperature from -40°C to +40°C and also as a function of RH (30%, 50% and 70%). To understand the differences in the results reported by Hodgkin and our paper, we do a sensitivity analysis as a function of system and environmental parameters (f/#, RH, detection probability, spectral width etc). For one set of parameters, we observe that the range curves RLW and RMW intersect at more than one value of Tamb and suggest an analogy to a 're-entrant phase'. We also analyze how motion blur affects the two bands, at different Tamb.
We present a low temperature 80 K cryo-prober methodology for measuring quantum efficiency (QE) in the backside illumination mode suitable for characterizing infrared (IR) detectors at the wafer level without using a readout integrated circuit (ROIC) or fan-out on chip carriers. The method involves the design of a specific device-mounting chuck in such a way that there is a gap beneath it, which is used for reflecting the incoming IR radiation from the side window to the top (or the backside of the device). Sample experimental results for HgCdTe IR diodes have been demonstrated using the said method.
This paper presented an initial study on the correlation of multiuser shadowing in an indoor environment at 2.55 GHz. The results indicate that although window size plays a strong role in the absolute correlation levels, shadowing is mostly uncorrelated after 2–4 m in this indoor environment, indicating that collaboration will be effective at this or greater separation of secondary nodes. It was also found that autocorrelation of a single moving sensor can be employed instead of multiple moving sensors below 2 m, simplifying the measurement system. Finally, similar shadowing correlation was obtained for a moving primary (versus moving secondaries) as well as near and far primary measurements.
The design and fabrication of gate/source connected multi-finger field plate structures using TCAD ATLAS simulation software is presented. The designed field plate structures are fabricated on indigenous AlGaN/GaN HEMT devices. AlGaN/GaN HEMT devices with field plate structures exhibit about three times improvement in breakdown voltage of device and are in close agreement with the simulation results. Integration of field plates in device have resulted in higher VDS (drain to source voltage) operation and improvement in output power of AlGaN/GaN HEMT devices. Incorporation of field plates also decrease the reverse leakage current of HEMT devices.
The defect chemistry of polycrystalline has been studied by means of the equilibrium electrical conductivity as a function of temperature, oxygen activity, Sr/Ti ratio, and impurity additions. Reduction, excess , and acceptor impurities all contribute to the oxygen vacancy content and their effects are therefore highly interdependent. The effect of added donor‐impurities,e.g., 500 ppm Nb, is highly dependent on the presence and amount of excess .
Nowadays, communication systems are usually implemented by digital modulated waveforms. Such is the case of OFDM, where the spectrum efficiency and the robustness against undesirable channel effects are the main reported advantages to improve the quality and data rate of transmission. However, OFDM demands for accurate synchronization methods, otherwise intersymbol and intercarrier interference will degrade the achievable capacity of the transmission. The impact of synchronization errors must be considered while designing a system based on OFDM waveforms for the performance guarantee. In this direction, this work addresses a selection strategy of main MAC frame parameters regarding preamble and payload length under OFDM signal transmission with synchronization errors. This selection strategy is proposed to assist designers in the choice of proper MAC frame parameters that best fits into their own restrictions.
Two methods are developed that can be applied to generate secret keys automatically from fading propagation channels that are reciprocal but have arbitrary (i.e. non Gaussian) statistics. Such methods may be necessary for physical-layer key generation in cases where the line-of-sight (LOS) component produces Rician channel statistics, not only because channel quantization based on Gaussian statistics will not provide equally probable symbols, but also because the symbol error rate (SER) and efficiency analysis based on Gaussian channels does not reflect true performance. An improved channel quantization method compared to [1], [2] is developed, where the empirical cumulative distribution function (cdf) of the channel is used directly to ensure equal probability of the key symbols. The results show that LOS channels can have slightly better SER performance than strictly Gaussian channels, especially at low SNR. Second, the idea of positional coding is developed, where a secret key can be transmitted by dividing empirical channel observations into multiple codewords and conveying a secret message from Alice to Bob in the sequence of channels fed forward from Alice to Bob. Analysis of the method illustrates that key mismatch rate can be made arbitrarily low by properly selecting the codeword length.
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