This chapter provides a survey of physical layer security and key generation methods. This includes mainly an overview of ongoing research in physical layer security in the present and next generation communication networks. Although higher layer security mechanisms and protocols address wireless security challenges in large extent, more security vulnerabilities arise due to the increasingly pervasive existence of wireless communication devices. In this context, the focus of this chapter is mainly on physical layer security. Some security attacks in general are briefly reviewed. Models of physical layer security, information theoretic works, and key generation methods including quantization and reconciliation are discussed. Some latest developments for enhanced security like Multiple-Input Multiple-Output (MIMO) systems, reconfigurable antennas, and multiple relay systems are also presented. Finally, some existing and emerging application scenarios of physical layer security are discussed.
One of the main contributors to death or disability from heart attack, stroke, and renal failure is hypertension. Experimental animal models have been extremely useful in learning more about the aetiology, pathophysiology, consequences, and treatment of hypertension and antihypertensive drugs are evaluated. There are several strains of genetically hypertensive rats available today, and most laboratories use these models to conduct therapeutic studies on hypertension. Both traditional and genetic models of hypertension animal models, their characteristics, and their significance are summarized as: In-Vitro Animal Models: Antagonism of Endothelin Receptors in Porcine Isolated Hearts and Monocrotaline induced pulmonary Hypertension. In-Vivo Animal Models: Rat Hypertension Models One-Kidney-Two Clip (Goldblatt hypertension, 2K1C), Rats with Chronic Renal Hypertension (1-kidney-1-clip method), Pithed rats blood pressure, Tail Cuff in rats, Blood pressure measurements using an ingestible catheter in conscious rats, Dahl salt-sensitive rat model, Model of Fructose- induced Hypertension in rats, DOCO Salt rats, Spontaneously Hypertensive Rats, Transgenic Rats Overexpressing Mouse Ren2 Gene (TGR (mRen 2) 27), Models of hypertension in dogs (Renal Chronic Hypertension), Neurogenic hypertension, Hypertension model of a monkey (Inhibition of renin in monkeys), Hypertension transgenic models and Hypertension by chronic inhibition of nitric oxide. Conclusion: In this article, experimental models of hypertension, traditional and genetic gives quick summary of the most popular animal models, their characteristics, and their significance.
Anomalous Hg in-diffusion in bulk grown MCT ( x =0.2) crystals at 260°C has been observed. The Hg in-diffusion has been found to become faster in presence of an Hg vapour source having a lower chemical potential of tellurium as compared to the crystals. The observed diffusion behavior has been discussed and explained in terms of Te precipitation and out-diffusion during annealing. The anomalous diffusion characteristics are typical of diffusion in a disordered medium.
NEG (Non Evaporable Getters)materials in the form of ternary alloy coatings have many benefits compare to traditional bare surfaces such as Extreme high vacuum(XHV), lower secondary electron yield(SEY), low photon desorption cofficient. The extreme high vacuum (pressure > 10−10 mbar) is very useful to the study of surfaces of the material, for high energy particle accelerators(LHC, Photon Factories), synchrotrons (ESRF, Ellectra) etc̤Low secondary electron yield leads to better beam life time. In LHC the pressure in the interaction region of the two beams is something of the order of 10−12 mbar. In this paper preparation of the coatings and their characterization to get the Activation temperature by using the surface techniques XPS, SEM and SIMS has been shown.
Hepatotoxicity refers to the deterioration in liver function brought about by pharmacological chemical side effects. Hepatotoxicity is frequently brought on by a wide range of pharmaceutical drugs and environmental pollutants. Hepatotoxins are the substance that harms the liver. Hepatotoxic drugs and chemicals have the potential to damage the liver through several mechanisms, including mitochondrial dysfunction, causing the death of the liver cells, and disrupting liver metabolism. Some hepatotoxic drugs and chemicals, such as carbon tetrachloride, paracetamol, mercury, cadmium, erythromycin, ranitidine, etc causing hepatic damage by different ways. Hepatotoxicity is steadily rising in occurrence and is becoming a major cause of death on a global scale. Although there are numerous allopathic and traditional therapies that provide hepatoprotection, treating chronic liver disease remains difficult for medical practitioners. Rodents are frequently employed in the lab for inducing hepatotoxicity for this reason. Hepatic toxicity is typically induced by non-invasive techniques such as high-fat diets, alcohol, radiation, toxic medications (NSAIDs, antibiotics, and chemotherapeutic treatments), harmful metals (mercury, arsenic, lead, and cadmium), and harmful substances (CCL4, thioacetamide, aflatoxin B1, etc.).Portal vein ligation and bile duct ligation are two common invasive procedures.
Scanning electron microscopy and electron probe micro‐analysis were used to investigate the microstructure of both slow‐cooled and quenched polycrystalline BaTiO 3 specimens with a small excess of TiO 2 (Ba/Ti=0.995 to 0.999) or of BaO (Ba/Ti=1.002 and 1.005). The electron micrographs of polished and etched TiO 2 ‐excess BaTiOs samples, and of fracture surfaces of quenched samples, showed a second phase in the grain boundaries and triple‐point regions, whereas no second phase was observed in samples having Ba/Ti=1.000. Microprobe analysis of the second phase gave compositions near that of the reported adjacent phase of higher TiO 2 content, Ba 6 Ti 17 O 40 . The results indicate that the solubility of TiO 2 in BaTiO 3 is <0.1 mol%.
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