Edible packagings in the form of coatings and thin films are one among the leading interesting and attractive primary packaging approaches for optimization of food quality. Edible coatings/thin films are prepared from renewable natural biomaterials, such as polysaccharides, lipids, and proteins which can be applied directly on food products to improve their quality and shelf life. Edible packaging possesses the unique advantages of being edible along with the packed food, biodegradable, eco-friendly, and washable. Advanced research has shown that the incorporation of nanomaterials in edible films can make this venture more promising and efficient. Nanomaterials or nanocomposite-based edible films/coatings can offer better encapsulation of bioactive agents and confer controlled release of antioxidants, antimicrobials, nutraceuticals, and flavoring agents. Besides, edible nanocoatings/films can also lead to improvement of food functional aspects like sensory attributes, maintain natural appearance, as well as provide protection from microbial spoilage thereby preserving the food freshness. This chapter discusses about the general aspects of edible coating and edible nanocoating, various types of nano-based edible coating biomaterials used, methods of applying edible nanocoatings on fresh and processed foods, and the recent developments and successful applications in this area.
Nowadays, food packaging technologies are under consistent evolution in response to growing consumer demands for fresh and minimally processed foods with longer shelf life. Unfortunately, in most of the cases, no single packaging material is able to fulfil all the necessary criteria required for an ideal packaging. Multilayer packaging films or coatings are unique and promising solution to most of the pitfalls faced by conventional and advanced packaging systems. These multilayer structures ensure to provide all the essential requirements necessary for an ideal food packaging material by combining different material layers and their functions in a single item. The involvement of nanotechnology in food packaging technology has offered numerous advantages. Recently, multilayer films incorporated with nanostructures have been developed, which show promising application as food packaging materials with improved barrier, mechanical, and thermal properties along with complementing active and intelligent package functionalities. This chapter mainly focuses on the recent developments on nanostructure-based multilayer packagings and their applications in food preservation and protection.
Based on the current scenario, it is clear that the advanced and upcoming nanoinnovations in food applications can further open new possibilities in the betterment and improvement of food quality and preservation. Both inorganic (metal and metal oxides) and organic (carbohydrates, proteins, lipids) nanoparticles are applied in nanofoods and packagings for offering improved shelf life, providing antimicrobial protection and maintaining fresh quality of food. Nevertheless, many in vitro and in vivo studies have demonstrated that the inorganic nanoparticles pose potential threats to human health as they are exposed in higher concentrations for longer periods and are degraded and excreted in lower amounts. Today, researchers are more focused on the speedy development and applications of nanotechnology due to its attractive impact in every field. However, considering the sake of consumers, it is mandatory to provide a comprehensive information regarding the interface between nanoparticles and cells, tissues, and organisms, particularly in relation to possible hazards to human health. This chapter details on the possible routes of human exposure to nanoparticles, their potential adverse effects on human and environment, and the different mechanisms involved behind nanotoxicity. The chapter also provides information on the conventional and advanced in vitro and in vivo nanotoxicity risk assessment tests currently practiced.
Herein we report the green synthesis of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) completed within a rapid time of 2 hrs using Zingiber officinale rhizome extract in presence of sunlight. Characterization of nanoparticles was carried out by UV-Vis spectroscopy, HR-TEM, XRD and FTIR. Under TEM analysis, the size of the biosynthesized AgNPs was found to be remarkably small with size range of 4 to 15 nm. The AgNPs also exhibited excellent antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli. MIC and MBC was found to be 62.5 µg/mL and 500 µg/mL for S. aureus, 125 µg/mL and 250 µg/mL for E. coli respectively.
Shape memory polymers (SMPs) are intelligent class of polymers that change shape in response to an appropriate stimulus. Or, in other words, SMPs are highly deformable materials that can be pre-programmed to memorize and recover from a temporary shape and return to their original form when triggered with an external stimulus. Due to their attractive properties, such as minimal toxicity, biocompatibility, biodegradability, and tunable properties, SMPs find great application in biomedical field. This chapter details the different types of SMPs and the factors that determine and influence the shape memory effect of polymers. Moreover, the molecular mechanism underlying the shape memory effect, the steps of shape memory cycle, and the biomedical and other applications of the SMPs are discussed in detail with suitable examples.
Polymer/clay nanocomposites have established a protuberant position in the food industry as effective food preserving and food packaging materials. Polymer/clay nanocomposites are composed of two phases; a continuous phase, which is the polymer matrix into which a dispersion phase, that is, nanofillers (clay or metallic nanoparticles) is mixed to obtain the desired physicochemical properties. This chapter provides a brief description on the various properties of polymer nanocomposites and adds a note on their different methods of preparation, such as in situ polymerization, solution dispersion/solvent casting and melt intercalation method. After preparation, the developed nanocomposites must be well characterized for better understanding the structure of nanocomposites and to check the effective dispersion of the nanofillers in it. This chapter provides a brief description on the various properties of polymer nanocomposites and adds a note on their different methods of preparation. The later section gives a detailed information on the morphological and physicochemical analytical techniques used for the characterization of polymer/clay nanocomposites with suitable examples.
Increased environmental concerns of non-degradable waste disposal and growing consumer demand for high-quality food products have led to vast exploitation of renewable natural biopolymers/bioplastics for food packaging applications. Even though biopolymers are biodegradable and sustainable, they possess weak mechanical and barrier properties which make them unsuitable for food packaging purposes. Application of nanocomposite technology in biopolymers has led to the development of bionanocomposites which have emerged as a promising alternative and environmentally compatible food packaging material. This chapter gives a general introduction on different biopolymers and the reinforcing nanofillers used for designing bionanocomposites. Later, the chapter provides a broad perspective on biodegradation aspect of bionanocomposites which includes the mechanism of biodegradation process, the factors affecting the rate of biodegradation and the currently active standardizations and certifications. Finally, this chapter also includes a section on the soil burial test and the different indices available to monitor and measure biodegradation with suitable examples.