Objective: This research was geared towards surveying and knowing the influencing factors of intestinal nematodes infection in primary school pupils in Boripe local Government Area, State of Osun Nigeria. Methods: Two hundred stool samples were collected from ten different schools. The samples were emulsified in formaldehyde-ether concentration and centrifuged. The resulting stool sediments were microscopically examined. Questionnaires were given to the pupils to capture their bio-data and health status in relation to the influencing factors of the infection. Results: The percentage co-infection of the parasites were 29.2% and 24.3% of males and females respectively. Religion, pork meat consumption and personal hygiene among others, significantly influenced the incidence of the infection (p<0.05). On the contrary, there was no significant association between the intestinal helminths infection and washing of fruits/vegetables or stream swimming. The preponderance of Taenia spp was high compared to Ascaris lumbricoides . Conclusions: Investigation in this study generally revealed a low infestation of the intestinal helminth parasites. Nevertheless, there is need for regular sensitization of the public, especially mothers, on the need for good hygiene practices and proper cooking of every food - mainly meat. Also, there is need for periodic de-worming of the pupils for better utilization of the food nutrients.
Background: Open reduction and internal fixation (ORIF) of fractures with implants and prosthesis has become the first line in the management of fractures in most trauma centres. Incidentally, this is associated with post-operative wound infection which is accompanied by significant morbidity, cost and mortality. The objective of this paper was to identify the pattern of the bacteriological isolates responsible and their antimicrobial sensitivityMethod: We prospectively studied two hundred and fifty-four patients who had ORIF with implants and prosthesis that fulfilled a set of inclusion criteria. Post-operative wound infection was diagnosed based on the criteria of the National Research Council and follow-up was for twelve weeks. Aerobic and anaerobic cultures were carried out on each specimen.Results: Two hundred and fifty-four patients were recruited and 19 had post-operative wound infection. The infection rate was 7.5%.Plates and screws were the commonest implant. Thirty-six bacterial isolates were recovered. Staphylococcus aureus was the commonest in 16 cases (44%), Bacteroides fragilis 4(11%), Escherichia coli 4(11%), Proteus spp.4 (11%).Others were Pseudomonas spp, Klebsiella spp. and Peptostreptococcus. Cephalosporins were found to be the most potent against Staphylococcus aureus while the anaerobes responded favourably to metronidazole.Conclusion: Staphylococcus aureus remains the most important microorganism responsible for POWI in implants and prosthesis. Resistant strains have emerged and previously reserved drugs have become first line. Anaerobic organisms remain important isolates were such are feasible. Metronidazole should be a component of the antibiotic regimen where such cultures are not feasible.
Objective: Phytochemical compositions of Moringa oleifera leaf are believed to be a major contributing factor to its antibacterial activities. The present study investigated the phytochemical compositions and antibacterial effects of crude extract of leaf of Moringa oleifera on bacterial isolates from well water at Iworoko-Ekiti, Nigeria Methods: Phytochemical compositions and antibacterial effects of crude leaf extracts of M. oleifera on Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherischia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Salmonella typhi, Bacillus subtilis, Proteus mirabilis and Staphylococcus aureus . (Bacterial isolates from well water) were investigated using the agar diffusion method. Qualitative and quantitative phytochemical analyses were initially accomplished using standard methods. Results: Phytochemical screenings of the M. oleifera leaf ethanol-extracts revealed the presence of phytochemical compounds. Alkaloid, Saponin, Flavonoids, Steroids and Cardiac glycosides were present while Phlobatanins and Anthraquinnones were absent. Antibacterial activities of M. oleifera increased as the concentration increased. The most susceptible pathogens at the concentration of 125 mg/ml were Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae with zone of inhibitions of 10±0.00 and 10.0±0.58 mm. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) ranged between 25-100mg/m. Conclusions: The leaf extract of M. oleifera is a potent antibacterial agent. Its activity is dose dependent and could be linked to the presence of secondary metabolites.
Diospyros species in folklore medicine are used as anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, antioxidant, anticancer and antiviral agents. The in vitro antimicrobial activity of crude extracts of the leaves of Diospyros monbuttensis were evaluated against three bacterial species (Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli and Micrococcus luteus ) and fungal strain (Aspergillus niger). Extraction was carried out using both polar and non-polar solvents (ethanol and water). The leaves were screened for phytochemical constituents and preliminary screening for antimicrobial activity carried out using the agar well diffusion method. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) was determined using the agar well dilution method. The phytochemical screening revealed the presence of saponins, tannins, glycosides and alkaloids in the plant. The ethanolic leaf extract of D. monbuttensis had no activity against the test organisms, but antimicrobial activity was observed for the aqueous extract against S. aureus and E. coli at all concentrations tested. The MIC of the aqueous extract of D. monbuttensis on S. aureus and E. coli was 0.78 mg/ml. The results of this study indicate that Diospyros monbuttensis leaves may be used for treatment of infections caused by S. aureus and E. coli.Keywords: Diospyros monbuttensis; Antimicrobial activity; phytochemical screening
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