<i>In-vitro</i> antimicrobial activity of crude extracts of <i>Diospyros monbuttensis</i>
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Abstract:
Diospyros species in folklore medicine are used as anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, antioxidant, anticancer and antiviral agents. The in vitro antimicrobial activity of crude extracts of the leaves of Diospyros monbuttensis were evaluated against three bacterial species (Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli and Micrococcus luteus ) and fungal strain (Aspergillus niger). Extraction was carried out using both polar and non-polar solvents (ethanol and water). The leaves were screened for phytochemical constituents and preliminary screening for antimicrobial activity carried out using the agar well diffusion method. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) was determined using the agar well dilution method. The phytochemical screening revealed the presence of saponins, tannins, glycosides and alkaloids in the plant. The ethanolic leaf extract of D. monbuttensis had no activity against the test organisms, but antimicrobial activity was observed for the aqueous extract against S. aureus and E. coli at all concentrations tested. The MIC of the aqueous extract of D. monbuttensis on S. aureus and E. coli was 0.78 mg/ml. The results of this study indicate that Diospyros monbuttensis leaves may be used for treatment of infections caused by S. aureus and E. coli.Keywords: Diospyros monbuttensis; Antimicrobial activity; phytochemical screeningKeywords:
Phytochemical
Micrococcus luteus
Agar diffusion test
Bioactive Screening and Antimicrobial Activity of Selected Three Medicinal Plants on Chosen Microbes
Leaf extracts were used for the treatment of gastroenteritis, arthritis, typhoid fever and wound infections. The study also investigated the chemical constituents of the plant and the effect of temperature and pH on its antimicrobial activity. The phytochemical constituents of the dried powdered leaf were extracted using aqueous and organic solvents (Benzene and methanol). The antimicrobial activity of the concentrated extracts was evaluated by determination of the diameter of zone of inhibition against both gram negative and gram positive bacteria and fungi using the paper disc diffusion method. Results of the phytochemical studies revealed the presence of alkaloids, tannins, saponins, glycosides and phenols and the extracts were active against bacteria and fungi. The effect of temperature on the antimicrobial activity of leaf extracts of three plants showed that the activity of extracts increased with an increase in temperature(35°C,45°C,55°C), but was reduced at alkaline pH(5,7,8). The Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) and Minimum Bactericidal Concentration (MBC) of the extracts ranged between 50–200 mg/ml. Acmella olerece, Clerodendron infortunatum and Ficus bengalensis have broad spectrum antibacterial activity and a potential source of new classes of antibiotics that could be useful for infectious disease.
Phytochemical
Agar diffusion test
Minimum bactericidal concentration
Pathogenic bacteria
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The antimicrobial activity of aqueous and organic extracts of the roots and leaves of Senna alata were studied using the cup plate agar diffusion method. All the extracts demonstrated considerable activity against both Gram negative and Gram positive bacteria and some fungi with the organic extracts showing higher activity than the aqueous extracts. The minimum inhibitory concentration and minimum bactericidal concentration of the methanol extracts ranged between 6-20 mg/ml and 25-100 mg/ml for bacteria and fungi respectively. Preliminary phytochemical analysis showed that the extracts contained tannins, saponins, glycosides, flavonoids and phenols. The results obtained show the basis for the local usage of S. alata Linn as an antimicrobial. Keywords: Senna alata, antimicrobial activity, phytochemical analysis, antibioticsEast and Central African Journal of Pharmaceutical Studies Vol. 10 (1) 2007: pp. 17-21
Phytochemical
Agar diffusion test
Senna
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The antibacterial properties of ethanol extracts of green and yellow Cavendish banana peels was done against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus using the agar disc diffusion method. The study revealed that the peel extract of yellow banana did not inhibit the growth of S. aureus but it inhibits the growth of E. coli with 9.3mm zone of inhibition. On the other hand, the peel extract of green Cavendish banana could inhibit the growth of both S. aureus (12.3mm) and E. coli (9.0mm) but only in minimal measurement indicating that S. aureus is intermediate and E. coli is resistant to the extract. The Gentamicin as the positive control showed a maximum antibacterial activity against the two bacteria showing that the bacteria are susceptible to this antibiotic. The Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) of the two extracts against S. aureus and E. coli were also performed to determine if the extracts are bacteriostatic. The data shown that at 100% down to .19% concentration exhibited no antibacterial effect on S. aureus and E. coli, hence all the test tubes showed observable growth of bacteria that made the solution very turbid. Since all the tubes were turbid, the determination of MBC was not prepared. The extracts were neither bacteriostatic nor bactericidal against S. aureus and E. coli. Keywords: Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus, Cavendish banana peel, bacteriostatic, bactericidal, Cagayan de Oro City, Philippines
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The present study is the continuation of a program aimed at investigation of antimicrobial and photochemical properties of Lawsonia inermis leaf extract to justify the traditional claim endowed upon this herbal drug as a rasayana in Ayurveda. The antimicrobial activity was evaluated according to the disk diffusion method by using Gram positive; B. subtilius, S. aureus and S. epidermidis and Gram negative; E. coli, S. flexneri, P. aeruginosa bacteria. This study show that methanolic leaves extracts of Lawsonia inermis Linn inhibit the growth of micro organisms dose dependently. Phytochemical screening of the extracts showed the presence of glycosides, phytosterol, steroids, saponins, tannins and flavonoids. The presence of flavonoids and glycosides as major constituents of the plant leaves that are commonly known to posses antimicrobial activity. These results confirm the antibacterial activity of Lawsonia inermis leaves and support the traditional use of the plant in therapy of bacterial infection.
Lawsonia inermis
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Lythraceae
Agar diffusion test
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Objective: To evaluate the antimicrobial activity of ethanolic extract of Leucas Plukenetii Spreng (family-laminaceae) in conjugation with phytochemical analysis.Methods: The ethanolic extract of whole aerial parts of the herb Leucas Plukenetiispreng (family-laminaceae) was prepared and analysed for phytochemical constituents using standard methods. The antimicrobial activity of the plant extract was examined against 2 bacterial strains among one is gram positive and other is gram negative and 2 fungal strains using agar well diffusion method.Results: The present investigation shows the phytochemical analysis, antimicrobial activity of the ethanolic extract of the plant Leucas Plukenetii Spreng. Various phytochemical analyses revealed the presence of alkaloids, saponin, flavonoids, carbohydrates, glycosides, Steroids, proteins and amino acids and tannins. The antimicrobial activity of the ethanolic extract of the plant showed significant result against all the of the test organisms.Conclusion: The present study concluded that ethanolic extract of whole aerial parts of the Leucas Plukenetii Spreng contains the high presence of phytochemicals. The ethnaolic extract of the plant was found to possess promising antimicrobial activity when compared with the standards.
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Leucas
Agar diffusion test
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The present study was aimed at evaluating the anti-MRSA effect of Couroupita guianensis flower methanol extract. These flowers are used to treat microbial infections in traditional medicinal practices of India. The methanolic extract of Couroupita guianensis flowers were subjected to preliminary antimicrobial activity by agar well diffusion method and found to be active against both Gram-negative Escherichia coli as well as Gram-positive methicillin-sensitive and methicillinresistant Staphylococcus aureus strains. Biochemical property of the extract was established by phytochemical analysis. The preliminary biochemical tests showed the presence of glycosides, tannins, and phenolics, which group of compounds have previously been reported to exhibit anti-microbial effects.
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Agar diffusion test
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The present investigation involves antimicrobial and phytochemical evaluation of Cissus quadrangularis L. The antibacterial activity of Cissus quadrangularis was performed using disk diffusion method. The Results of study proved prompt efficacy of herbal extract against S. aureus and E. coli . The concentration dependent antibacterial activity of extract was observed against both organisms. Study also involves phytochemical investigation of herbal extract using HPTLC, IR and UV-Visible spectrophotometer. The result of study indicated that the methanolic extract possessed most potent antibacterial activity as compared to other extract. The antibacterial activity increases with the concentration and results indicated that the diameters of zone inhibition of the extract were comparable with the standard drug. The antimicrobial potential of plant extract may be attributed to the presence of specific phytoconstituents.
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Agar diffusion test
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Objective: We assessed the antimicrobial activity of methanol extracts of 4 medicinal plants against human pathogenic Gram positive and Gram negative bacteria and fungi. Four medicinal plants namely Terminalia arjuna (bark) , Butea monosperma (bark) , Mollugo nudicaulis (whole plant) , Evolvulus alsinoides (whole plant) were collected from different places in Tamil Nadu, India. Methods: Methanol extracts of these plants were assessed for antimicrobial activity using disc diffusion method at 5mg/disc and 10mg/disc. Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and phytochemical analysis were also determined. Results: Methanol extract inhibited the growth of bacterial and fungal strains. Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of T.arjuna (bark) methanol extract was 500mg/ml against Gram positive and Gram negative bacteria. The MIC of B.monosperma (bark) methanol extract was 250mg/ml against fungi. The phytochemical analysis of methanol extracts of T.arjuna and B.monosperma showed the presence of glycosides, flavinoids, steroids and tannins. T.arjuna and B.monosperma showed good antimicrobial activity. Conclusion: It can be concluded that the methanol extract possesses potent bactericidal and fungicidal activity which in turn may be due to the presence of biologically active ingredients with antimicrobial activity in the medicinal plants. Keywords ; Antibacterial, Antifungal, Terminalia arjuna, Butea monosperma, Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC)
Terminalia arjuna
Phytochemical
Agar diffusion test
Combretaceae
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PHYTOCHEMICAL SCREENING, ANTIOXIDANT ACTIVITY AND ANTIMICROBIAL ACTIVITY OF LAGERSTROEMIA PARVIFLORA
The present study was designed to evaluate the Phytochemical composition, antioxidant activity and antimicrobial activity of Lagestroemia parviflora collected from Melghat Forest near Madki Village, Tal- Chikhaldara, Dist- Amravati (M.S) Central region of India. Phytochemical screening was carried out by ‘guide to modern techniques of plant analysis”. Furthermore antioxidant activity of methanolic extract of L. parviflora was investigated by 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging assay. Antimicrobial activity of L. parviflora was investigated by Agar disc diffusion assay. The Phytochemical analysis of L. parviflora leaf and seed extracts showed the presence of carbohydrates, alkaloids, flavonoids, cardiac glycosides, phytosterols, steroids, tannins and phenolic compound , and cumarines. The IC50 values for the L.parviflora methanolic leaf extract (IC50= 3482 µg / ml) which was said to be far greater than the standard ascorbic acid (IC50= 2.816 µg / ml). The ethyl acetate extract of L. parviflora leaf showed good inhibition against all six Organisms. The highest inhibition was noted in order of S. aureus (19 mm), E. coli (11 mm), P. aeru (11 mm), P. acne (11 mm). The present study describes the phytochemical profile, antioxidant activity and antimicrobial activity of L. parviflora which will further used for medicinal applications.
Phytochemical
Agar diffusion test
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Securidaca longepedunculata family Polygalaceae is a tropically distributed medicinal plant. Antibacterial activity of chloroform, methanol and aqueous extracts of the roots and leaves of the plant against some selected microorganisms were shown using standard Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion method. The plants extracts showed inhibitory activity against the tested organisms. The diameter of zones of inhibition exhibited by all the extracts was between 15 and 20 mm. The methanol and the chloroform extracts of the leaves compared favorably with ampliclox capsule used as a standard control. The minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of the extracts ranged from 0.591 to 6.25 mg/ml while the minimum bactericidal concentrations (MBCs) ranged from 1.56 to 6.25 mg/ml. Chromatography of methanol and aqueous extracts of the leaves revealed two major spot. The phytochemical screening of the extracts revealed the presence of alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins, tannins, cardiac glycosides, anthraquinones, steroids, balsams and reducing sugars. The study scientifically validates the use of this plant in traditional and ethnomedicine and these extracts may be a potential source of future antibacterial drugs against enteric organisms. Key words: Phytochemical, antibacterial activity, Securidaca longepedunculata.
Phytochemical
Anthraquinones
Agar diffusion test
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