Meninges, Ventricular System and Vascular System
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✓ The fine anatomy of the human spinal meninges was examined in five postmortem spinal cords taken within 12 hours after death from patients aged 15 months to 46 years. Specimens of spinal cord were viewed in transverse section and from the dorsal and ventral aspects by scanning electron microscopy. Transverse sections of spinal cord and meninges were also examined by light microscopy. The arachnoid mater was seen to be closely applied to the inner aspect of the dura. An intermediate fenestrated leptomeningeal layer was observed attached to the inner aspect of the arachnoid mater and was reflected ventrally to form a series of dorsal septa. As it arborized laterally over the surface of the cord to surround nerves and blood vessels, the intermediate layer became highly fenestrated but remained distinct from the pia and arachnoid mater. The pia mater appeared to form a continuous layer which was reflected off the surface of the cord to coat blood vessels within the subarachnoid space in a manner similar to that described in the leptomeninges over the human cerebral cortex. Each dentate ligament consisted of a collagenous core which was continuous with the subpial connective tissue and was attached at intervals to the dura; pia-arachnoid cells coated the surface of the dentate ligaments. The present study suggests that the fine anatomy of the human spinal meninges differs significantly from that described in other mammals.
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Conus medullaris
Pia mater
Filum terminale
Cauda equina
Subarachnoid space
Meninges
Ependymal Cell
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Conus medullaris
Pia mater
Filum terminale
Cauda equina
Subarachnoid space
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Ependymal Cell
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Pia mater
Foramen magnum
Meninges
Lumbar Spinal Cord
Neuroanatomy
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The meninges are protective coverings around the whole central nervous system comprising of three layers, from outside inwards, Dura mater, Arachnoid mater and Pia mater. These three terms are derived from Latin, where ‘mater’ means mother. Why this motherhood has been implicated while naming these layers, carries a very interesting history and a strong philosophical background. Dura mater (Tough mother), Arachnoid mater (Spider-like mother) and Pia mater (Tender mother)-all of them cover the central nervous system and possess functional significance not less than that of a protective mother. Ancient Arabic scientists observed those facts and named them accordingly in Arabic. Later they were translated into Latin and are in practice till now. While studying various facts regarding the central nervous system, the etymology and philosophy of ‘maternalization of the meninges’ draws immense attention. Bang. J Neurosurgery 2022; 12(1): 3-5
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The spinal cord and brain are encased within three layers of tissue called the meninges. The spinal meninges specifically enclose the spinal cord and stretch from the brainstem down to the filum terminale. The layers of the meninges are, from deep to superficial, the pia mater, the arachnoid mater, and the dura mater. The names of these layers give information on their qualities. Pia, which is Latin for “loving” and mater, which is Latin for “mother,” make up the pia mater, or “loving mother,” which is directly attached to the spinal cord and inseparable. The arachnoid mater contains a web of fiber beneath it in the subarachnoid space, and the dura mater or “hard mother” is the tough outer layer of the meninges. The principal function of the spinal meninges is to protect and support the spinal cord.
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The spinal cord is that part of the central nervous system lying within the vertebral canal. It extends as an oval tube from the medulla oblongata at the foramen magnum to the L1–2 interspace or the upper part of the L2 vertebra. Its enveloping membranes are confluent with those covering the surface of the brain. The pia mater is intimately adherent to the cord with fine septa penetrating into the parenchyma. The arachnoid mater covers the cord more loosely, extending laterally over the dorsal ganglia and emergent roots, and downwards over the nerves of the cauda equina where it is attached to the sacrum at S2. CSF, secreted in the main by the choroid plexuses within the ventricular system of the brain, is contained within the transparent arachnoid membrane. Externally, the dura mater forms a tougher, opaque membrane over the surface of the brain and spinal cord. At spinal level it is tethered laterally by the dentate ligaments and ensheathes the arachnoid, pia, spinal cord and upper part of the cauda equina before ending at S2–3.
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Pia mater
Peripheral Nervous System
Cranial cavity
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Alma mater
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