Expression of receptors for advanced glycation end products in peripheral occlusive vascular disease.
U. RitthalerYulin DengY ZhangHenry Johannes GretenMichał AbelBernd SidoJens‐Rainer AllenbergGerhard OttoH RothAngelika Bierhaus
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Advanced glycation end-products (AGEs) are involved in the development of vascular smooth muscle cell (VSMC) dysfunction and the progression of atherosclerosis. However, AGEs may indirectly affect VSMCs via AGEs-induced signal transduction between monocytes and human umbilical endothelial cells (HUVECs), rather than having a direct influence. This study was designed to elucidate the signaling pathway underlying AGEs-RAGE axis influence on VSMC dysfunction using a co-culture system with monocytes, HUVECs and VSMCs. AGEs stimulated production of reactive oxygen species and pro-inflammatory mediators such as tumor necrosis factor-α and interleukin-1β via extracellular-signal-regulated kinases phosphorylation and nuclear factor-κB activation in HUVECs. It was observed that AGEs-induced pro-inflammatory cytokines increase VSMC proliferation, inflammation and vascular remodeling in the co-culture system. This result implies that RAGE plays a role in AGEs-induced VSMC dysfunction. We suggest that the regulation of signal transduction via the AGEs-RAGE axis in the endothelium can be a therapeutic target for preventing atherosclerosis.
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Objective Investigatingtheeffectofaminoguanidine (AG) on RAGE (receptor for advanced glycation end products) mRNA expression in renal tissue of streptozotocin (STZ) induced diabetic rats. Methods Four groups of rats, including (1)control rats without AG; (2)control rats with AG; (3)diabetic rats without AG and (4)diabetic rats receiving AG, were observed for 8 weeks, with the measurements of RAGE mRNA expression every 4 weeks by quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT PCR). Results After 4 weeks of diabetes inducement,RAGEmRNAlevelsshoweda continuous increase until 8th week, in both diabetic renal cortex and medulla (P0.05, diabetes vs control). The RAGE mRNA levels in renal cortex and medulla of control rats did not change significantly with age. AG, as the prototype inhibitor of AGEs formation, when administered to diabetic rats for 4 weeks, did not haveanyvisibleeffecton the alterations of renal RAGE mRNA in diabetes. By continuous administration up to 8th week, thosealterationsof RAGE mRNA both in diabetic renal cortex and medulla were all attenuated (P0.05, diabetes with AG vs diabetes without AG). Similarly, after 8 weeks, diabetic rats had a significantly higher GHb level (diabetes vs control: 7.71%±0.22% vs 2.95%±0.52%, P0.001). AG treatment for 8 weeks lowered GHb levels by 26.72% (P0.05). Conclusion The excessive gene expression of RAGE in renal tissue of diabetic rats might occur as a result of hyperglycemia induced AGEs formation and the decrease of AGEs level by AG therapy attenuated the abnormal RAGE gene expression pattern which could contribute to preventing renal damage from AGEs accumulation.
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Diabetic vascular complications, such as cardiovascular disease, stroke and microangiopathy, lead to high rates of morbidity and mortality in patients with long-term diabetes. Extensive intracellular and extracellular formation of advanced glycation end-products (AGE) is considered a causative factor in vascular injuries in diabetes. Receptor-dependent mechanisms are involved in AGE-induced cellular dysfunction and tissue damage. The receptor for AGE (RAGE), originally an AGE-binding receptor, is now recognized as a member of pattern-recognition receptors and a pro-inflammatory molecular device that mediates danger signals to the body. Previous animal studies have shown RAGE dependent of diabetic vascular injuries. Prophylactic and therapeutic strategies focusing on RAGE and its ligand axis will be of great importance in conquering diabetic vascular complications. (J Diabetes Invest, doi: 10.1111/j.2040-1124.2011.00191.x, 2012).
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The complications associated with diabetic vasculopathy are commonly grouped into two categories: microvascular and macrovascular complications. In diabetes, macrovascular disease is the commonest cause of mortality and morbidity and is responsible for high incidence of vascular diseases such as stroke, myocardial infarction and peripheral vascular diseases. Macrovascular diseases are traditionally thought of as due to underlying obstructive atherosclerotic diseases affecting major arteries. Pathological changes of major blood vessels leading to functional and structural abnormalities in diabetic vessels include endothelial dysfunction, reduced vascular compliance and atherosclerosis. Besides, advanced glycation end product formation interacts with specific receptors that lead to overexpression of a range of cytokines. Haemodynamic pathways are activated in diabetes and are possibly amplified by concomitant systemic hypertension. Apart from these, hyperglycaemia, non‐enzymatic glycosylation, lipid modulation, alteration of vasculature and growth factors activation contribute to development of diabetic vasculopathy. This review focuses on pathophysiology and pathogenesis of diabetes‐associated macrovasculopathy.
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The receptor for advanced glycation end products (RAGE) is implicated in the pathogenesis of several chronic diseases including diabetes. The interaction between RAGE and advanced glycation end products (AGEs) promotes gene expression, enhances the release of proinflammatory molecules and causes the generation of oxidative stress in numerous cell types. The aim of this investigation was to evaluate the effect of enalapril and losartan on RAGE expression in abdominal aortic endothelium of rats with experimentally induced diabetes. Male Sprague-Dawley rats, weighing approximately 150 - 200 g, were used. Diabetes was induced in 30 rats by intravenous administration of a single dose of 55 mg/kg body weight of streptozotocin (ETZ). The following groups were studied: control (n=10), diabetic (n=10), losartan-treated diabetic (n=10) and enalapril-treated diabetic (n=10) rats. RAGE expression in aortic endothelium was determined by indirect immunofluorescence. A significant increase in RAGE expression was observed in diabetic animals versus controls (p<0.001), there was a decrease in RAGE expression, in animals treated with losartan versus controls (p<0.01) and in those treated with enalapril (p<0.05) versus control and versus diabetes + vehicle. In conclusion, in the experimental model of ETZ-induced diabetes, there is an increase in RAGE expression at the level of the abdominal aortic endothelium, which can be reversed by treatment with losartan and/or enalapril, two drugs that block the renin-angiotensin system, suggesting its involvement in the molecular events related to vascular damage during diabetes.
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There is overwhelming evidence for an involvement of reactive oxygen species(ROS) in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis(AS) in diabetes mellitus(DM). For many years, knowledge on the contribution to diabetic complications and vascular disease induced by advanced glycation end-products(AGEs)has been rising. During the development of atherosclerosis, AGEs and ROS might have interaction. In this article, we provided four angles of view to discuss the role of ROS in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis: the chemistry of ROS, the effect of vascular targets of ROS on activity of AGEs, the role of ROS in the pathogenesis of atherogenesis by AGEs, the same effect of ROS and AGEs-transcriptional regulation. [
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Diabetic vascular complication is a leading cause of acquired blindness, end-stage renal failure, a variety of neuropathies and accelerated atherosclerosis, which could account for disabilities and high mortality rates in patients with diabetes. Chronic hyperglycemia is essentially involved in the development and progression of diabetic micro- and macroangiopathy. Among various metabolic derangements implicated in the pathogenesis of diabetic vascular complication, advanced glycation end product (AGE) hypothesis is most compatible with the theory of 'hyperglycemic memory'. In this review, we discuss the molecular mechanisms of diabetic vascular complication, specially focusing on AGEs and their receptor (RAGE) system. Several types of AGE inhibitors and their therapeutic implications in this devastating disorder are also discussed here.
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