Growth and Flowering of Orostachys japonicus A. Berger as Affected by Inflorescence Pinching Time
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Floret flowering of a monocarpic plant Orostachys japonicus should be controlled to change its harvest time. The study was done to clarify the effect of pinching time of inflorescence with many florets (Aug. 25, Sept. 8 and 22, Oct. 4) on its growth, morphological characters, and flowering. Night-break treatment of 2 hours at midnight were done since Aug. 25 when afterward samples were taken every 2 weeks to Nov. 4. Growth, morphological and flowering related characters were measured from each sample. Plant height, inflorescence length and number of leaves including bracts showed significant difference between the treatments because they were sharply increased until each pinching time. Stem diameter did nearly same. Leaf and bract, floret, shoot and total dry weights had similar response to the plant height, but stem and root dry ones did similar response to the stem diameter. Most florets were removed by the pinching treatments after formed ones were increased until each pinching time. Few florets were left after the treatment, meaning that night-break treatment after that could be skipped.Cite
Floret flowering of Orostachys japonicus, a monocarpic and short day plant, should be controlled to continue cultivating. The study was done to examine the effect of transplanted seedling size (large, 18 leaves; medium, 13 leaves; small, 8 leaves) on growth, morphological characters, and flowering. Night-break treatment of 2 hours at midnight were done on August 25 and afterward samples were taken every 2 weeks. Growth, morphological and flowering related characters were measured from each sample. With larger seedling transplanted, plant height, inflorescence length, number of leaves including bracts and stem diameter were increased. Leaves and bracts, stem, root, shoot and total dry weights were increased as transplanted seedlings became larger. Although formed florets were inclined with larger transplanted seedling, they were not flowered because of the night-break treatment, meaning that the larger transplanted seedlings, the more economic yield.
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普通ソバにおいて, 栽培時期と品種の違いによって変化する茎葉の生長, 開花の進行速度, 開花数および開花期間の長さ, ならびに結実の相互関係を明らかにすることを目的として研究を行った. 1) 夏栽培した夏型品種に対して, 結実を阻害するために開花した花を除去した. その結果, 花房数および開花数が増加し, 開花期間が長くなった. このとき開花の進行速度には影響がみられず, また, 1花房内の開花数はやや増加したが有意差はなかった. 花房数および開花数の増加は, 無処理区では生長しなかった高次位の側枝が生育後期に生長することによっていた. 2) 結実が著しく不良となる夏栽培の秋型品種に対して, 花房を一つだけ残して他を除去するとともにその花房への養分供給を増加させるために, 摘芯および側芽除去を行った. その結果, 開花の進行および開花数には大きな変化がみられなかったが, 無処理区で約3%であった結実率が処理区では約10%になった. 以上の結果から, 養分の分配を介して茎葉の著しい生長が結実不良の原因の一つとなり, 結実不良が高次位側枝の生長と開花期間の長期化ならびに開花数の増加を引き起こすことが明らかになった. また, 開花の進行には養分の分配以外の生理的要因が関わっていることが推測された.
Fagopyrum
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Shoot weight of Orostachys japonicus should determine its profitability. The study was done to determine the effect of phosphorus and potassium fertilization (0, 5, 10, 20 kg or /1000 ) on its growth, morphological characters, and flowering. Night-break treatment of 2 hours at midnight were done since Aug. 25 when afterward samples were taken every 4 weeks to Nov. 16. Growth, morphological and flowering related characters were measured from each sample. Plant height, inflorescence length, number of leaves including bracts and stem diameter were increased with increased P and K levels. Leaf and bract, floret, shoot and total dry weights showed similar response to the above morphological characters although P fertilization more increased them than K fertilization. Florets were more formed with increased P and K levels but were not flowered due to the night-break treatment, meaning that P and K fertilization had little effect on anthesis of the florets formed.
Anthesis
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Shoot parts of a monocarpic and short day plant Orostachys japonicus have been used as a herbal medicine. The study was carried out to examine the effect of transplanting time (May 30, June 30, July 30) of its seedlings on its growth, morphological characters, and flowering. Two hours night-break treatment at midnight was done since Aug. 25 when samples were taken afterward every 4 weeks. Growth, morphological and flowering related characters were measured from each sample. Plant height and inflorescence length became longer with delayed transplanting time. Number of leaves including bracts and stem diameter were more and thicker when transplanted on June 30 than two other treatments. Leaves and bracts, stem, root, shoot and total dry weights showed nearly the same result to the number of leaves although floret dry weight were increased as transplanting time was delayed. Although florets were most formed when transplanted on June 30, they were not flowered because of the night-break treatment, meaning that the transplanting time had little effect on its growth and anthesis of the florets.
Transplanting
Anthesis
Dry weight
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【Objective】 The whole progress of flowering and flower dropping of soybean were observed,and the characteristics and rules of different varieties were analyzed to provide an evidence for high yield breeding and cultivation.【Method】 Under the conditions of field experiment,the flowering and flower dropping nodes of 72 individuals of six soybean varieties were observed daily(42 days).【Result】 Flowering process showed a significant ladder of four stages: early florescence is short(about 3 days),less than 4 flowers per day,the flower amount at this stage is 5.73,4.09% of the total,concentrated in the middle of plants.At full-bloom stage,the daily flowering 5-12 flowers,the duration is longer(12-18 days),the flowering amount of this stage is 108.75,77.60% of total,the flowering section extends from the middle to the upper and lower ends,and middle-up.At slow florescence stage,the daily flowering 1-5 flowers,the duration is different among varieties,the flowering amount at this stage is 21.24,15.16% of total,distributed in various nodes of the plant.At late florescence stage,the daily flowering less than 1 flower,until flowering end,the flowering amount is 4.42,scattered on the plants.Flower dropping generally occurs from early florescence 3 days later to late florescence or after late florescence,the flower dropping section throughout the flower section on the plants,the flower-dropping rate at the full flowering stage(36.97%) is less than at the initial flowering stage(51.76%),its slow flowering stage(65.54%),and its final flowering stage(77.96%).The peak of the abnormal abscission about 3-9 flowers daily is correlated with the rainy day and scant sunlight in that periods.In determinate podding habit varieties,the earliest flowering section is in the middle of the plants,and then extend to upper and lower sections,then extend to the bottom 3-7 days later and extend to the top 9-15 days later after flowering.In semi-determinate podding habit varieties,the earliest flowering section is in the middle and lower parts(7th-10th node),and then extend to upper and lower sections,then extend to the bottom 3-7 days and extend to the top 24-26 days later after initial flowering.【Conclusion】 The flowering amount,flowering node,duration and abscission rate are all different in early florescence,full-bloom stage,slow florescence and late florescence of soybean.
Bud
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Orostachys japonicus, called Wasong as herbal medicine and a short day plant, should be artificially kept in long daylength to control anthesis of its florets. The study was done to clarify the effect of daylength (10, 13, 16 hours a day) on growth, morphological characters, and flowering. The treatments were done on August 25 and afterward samples were taken every 2 weeks. Growth, morphological and flowering related characters were measured from each sample. With longer daylength plant height and inflorescence length were increased but number of leaves including bracts and stem diameter were decreased. Leaves and bracts, stem, root, shoot and total dry weights were increased with longer daylength from late September while floret dry weight showed reverse result. Florets formed were the greatest in daylength of 10 hours during September but the least during the other period. Anthesis of the florets was observed only in daylength of 10 hours during October and all the plants from the treatment were flowered.
Anthesis
Dry weight
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Year-round cultivation of a monocarpic plant Orostachys japonicus should be possible in case to controlling floret flowering. To give some information on its year-round cultivation, this study was carried out to examine the effect of night-break treatment time (June 10, Aug. 25) on its growth, morphological characters, and flowering. Night-break treatment of 2 hours at midnight were done since Aug. 25 and heating were made under Samples were taken every 4 weeks from Aug. 25. Growth, morphological and flowering related characters were measured from each sample until March 9. Plant height, inflorescence length, number of leaves including bracts and stem diameter were greater in the earlier treatment than in the later one. Leaves and bracts, floret, stem, root, shoot and total dry weights showed the same response as plant height did to the night-break treatment time. Florets were more formed in the earlier treatment than in the later treatment in which they were flowered only on March 9, meaning that its year-round cultivation should be possible under night-break treatment before bolting and heating during winter season.
Bolting
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Large Nerine bowdenii bulbs (>14 cm in circumference) were exposed to low ligbt intensities for different periods during two successive growing seasons. The flowering percentage and number of florets in the current season's inflorescence were recorded at anthesis. Small and large bulbs were subjected to continual defoliation starting at different times during the growing season. Bulbs were dissected at planting (26 Sept. 1992) and on 12 Jan. 1993 (nondefoliated control bulbs) to determine growth and developmental stage. At anthesis, inflorescences were harvested and the florets per inflorescence were counted. After anthesis in the fall, all bulbs were dissected and the following variables recorded: 1) percentage flowering, quiescence, or abortion of the current season's inflorescence; 2) developmental stage of quiescent inflorescences; 3) number of florets in the outermost inflorescence; 4) developmental stage of the innermost inflorescence; 5) number of leaves or leaf bases in each growth unit; 6) number of daughter bulbs; and 7) dry weight of new leaf bases. There were three reasons for nonflowering of the bulbs, viz., failure to initiate an inflorescence, inflorescences remaining quiescent, and inflorescence abortion. Individual florets that had not reached stage “Late G” (gynoecium elongated, carpels fused) at the start of rapid inflorescence elongation aborted. The more florets that aborted, the greater the probability that the entire inflorescence aborted. The inflorescence was more vulnerable to stress during the first half of the growing season due to its relatively weak position in the hierarchy of sinks within the bulb.
Anthesis
Raceme
Bulb
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Experiment on delayed flowering technique of Chinese chrysanthemum demonstrated that long duration of sunshine could delay flowering. After planting cutting and 5-6 leaves developed, the plant was light treated for 60 days with 120 ~ 231 lx, and adult plant was cultured in greenhouse. The result showed that different varieties had different flowering time, but colour and diameter of flower, colour and type of leaf had no difference with normal cultured ones. The plant treated by B9 had larger flower diameter and leaf axil.
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