Excitation of Nitella and Chara
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Karyotypic analysis of Chara corallina Linn., C. vulgaris Linn., C. gymnopitys Linn. and Nitella translucens Ag. collected from natural habitats revealed that C. corallina has n=42, C. vulgaris and Chara gymnopitys have n=14 while Nitella translucens has n=18 chromosomes. All the species had differences in individual chromosome length, total chromatin length, total frequency between the complements of their chromosomes. The proposed standard karyotype formula were 6Lm + 2Mm +26Msm + 6S1m + 2S2m for Chara corallina, 4Mm + 8S1m + 2S2m for Chara vulgaris, 6Mm + 4S1m + 2S2sm +2S2m for Chara gymnopitys and 6Lm + 2Lsm + 6Mm+ 2Msm + 2S1m for Nitella translucens. Key words: Chara; Nitella; Karyotype; Green algae; Bangladesh DOI: 10.3329/bjb.v38i2.5150 Bangladesh J. Bot. 38(2): 205-207, 2009 (December)
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This study of a total of 18 collections represents the first sampling of chromosome numbers in the charophytes from New Caledonia, Fiji, and Samoa. Chromosome counts were obtained for the first time for material of Lamprothamnium (Chara) succinctum, and the count supports the transfer to the genus Lamprothamnium. Chromosome counts consistent earlier reports are those of 14 for the dioecious taxa included in Chara corallina (Chara australis, Protochara australis, Chara fulgens) by Wood, and 18 for Nitella acuminata. Not in accord some earlier reportS are the counts of 18 for Nitella hyalina, 18 for Nitella pseudoflabellata (including N. mathuata), 18 for Nitella furcata, and 28 for Chara fibrosa. The presence of somatic pairing of chromosomes is noted in Chara fibrosa, and the extent and importance of polyploidy in the charophytes is recalled. THE EXTENSIVE COLLECTIONS of charophytes made by Dr. R. D. Wood during the course of an expedition ranging from Australia to New Zealand and islands of the South Pacific in 196061 will form an important basis for studies on the Characeae of these regions. As already reported (Wood, 1962b) the collections include plant specimens gathered and preserved especially for cytological examination. These the writer was privileged to receive, together the accompanying field notes and identifications which follow the revision of the group by Wood (1962a). This paper, the first in a series to record the chromosome numbers and related cytological findings in the Wood collections, is concerned the plants from New Caledonia, Fiji, and Samoa, and is concurrent detailed taxonomic treatments of these plants by Wood (1963, 1965). Although the present paper is complementary in nature no attempt has been made to support all the taxonomic conclusions in Wood's revision of the Characeae. PLANT MATERIALS AND METHODS For the cytological studies, fertile plants growing tips bearing young stages of gametangial development were selected and fixed in the field. In dioecious species only the male plants are required for the young antheridia used in making chromosome counts. Fixation freshly prepared acetic-alcohol was done in the usual manner. The specimens were then transferred to 70% ethanol and shipped in sealed vials by airmail to Louisville, where they were stored under refrigeration. Chromosome counts were made from mitoses found in squashed preparations of filaments dissected from the antheridia and stained aceto-orcein. Usually a series of preparations were needed before a count could be determined certainty. Drawings were made with the aid of-a'camera lucida. Four vials of specimens were received from New Caledonia, 12 from Fiji, and 1 from Samoa, each of which yielded chromosome counts. All these specimens and the permanent slides of chromosome preparations made from them are in the Herbarium of the University of Louisville; other parts of these collections are deposited elsewhere (Wood, 1962b). The collection data listed below include the notes supplied by Dr. Wood as to dates, localities, ecology, and collecting numbers. The cytology collection numbers (CYT) were included the notes and on the cork stoppers of the 1 This study was supported in part by the National Science Foundation. Manuscript received August 29, 1963. 2 Department of Biology, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky.
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Stoneworts are a conserved group within green algae which usually inhabit in submerged conditions of slow running and standing water. Charales is a difficult taxonomical group regarding species identification. This paper records 13 species of charophytes within three genera found in about eighty localities from Iran. The taxa Chara connivens, C. contraria, C. crassicaulis, C. fibrosa, C. grovesii, C. gymnophylla (two varieties C. gymnophylla var. gymnophylla and C. gymnophylla var. rohlenae), C. kirghisorum, C. pedunculata, C. socotrensioides, C. tomentosa, C. vulgaris (C. vulgaris var. longibracteata and C. vulgaris var. vulgaris), Nitella hyalina and Tolypella glomerata were studied, including vegetative and oospore characteristics of them. C. vulgaris and C. gymnophylla, are the most common species. The species C. kohrangiana is proposed as a new monoecious species characterized by stipulodes developed in one row, anterior and posterior bract-cells, ecorticate branchlets and diplostichous incomplete axial cortex. C. kohrangiana belongs to subgenus Charopsis section Agardhia subsection Agardhia.
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A famAlia Characeae, representada no Brasil pelos gAneros Chara e Nitella, A considerada a ancestral mais prAxima das plantas terrestres e possui uma sArie de papAis ecolAgicos, entre eles o aumento da transparAncia da Agua, aumento da complexidade de habitat. O presente trabalho objetivou verificar a composiAAo e estrutura da comunidade de Characeae no reservatArio de Itaipu (24Â05ÂS e 25Â33ÂS; 54Â00ÂW e 54Â37ÂW), formado no rio ParanA, relacionando-as com variAveis ambientais simples, tais como: condutividade, transparAncia da Agua e fetch. As coletas foram realizadas em oito braAos de rios que formam a margem brasileira do reservatArio (Arroio GuaAu, SAo Francisco Verdadeiro, SAo Francisco Falso, SAo Vicente, SAo JoAo, OcoA, Pinto e Passo CuA). Foram identificados 17 tAxons, dos quais Chara hydropitys Reichenbach, C. rusbyana Howe, Nitella axillaris A. Braun, N. glaziovii G. Zeller, N. gracilis (Smith) C. Agardh, N. hyalina (DC) C. Agardh, N. inversa Imahori e N. microcarpa Braun, todas novas citaAAes no reservatArio de Itaipu e Estado do ParanA. Chara guairensis, Nitella furcata e Nitella glaziovii apresentaram as maiores abrangAncias geogrAficas, enquanto Chara hidropytis e Chara rusbyana apresentaram distribuiAAo mais restrita. AlAm disso, verificou-se que entre os fatores ambientais considerados importantes para o estabelecimento dos carAfitos nos afluentes do reservatArio, foi encontrado que a radiaAAo subaquAtica afeta positivamente a ocorrAncia dos gAneros Chara e Nitella, enquanto valores de fetch demonstraram influAncia negativa sobre a ocorrAncia do gAnero Nitella durante o perAodo analisado.%%%%The family Characeae, represented in Brazil by the genera Chara and Nitella, is considered the closest living relatives of terrestrial plants and play several ecological roles, such as the increase of water transparency and habitat complexity. This research aimed to verify the composition and structure of Characeae community at Itaipu reservoir (24Â05ÂS e 25Â33ÂS; 54Â00ÂW e 54Â37ÂW), formed in Parana river, relating them to simple environmental variables, such as conductivity, water transparency and fetch. Samples were collected in eight arms of rivers that form the Brazilian side of the reservoir (Arroio GuaAu, SAo Francisco Verdadeiro, SAo Francisco Falso, SAo Vicente, SAo JoAo, OcoA, Pinto e Passo CuA). A total of 17 taxa were identified, of which Chara hydropitys Reichenbach, C. rusbyana Howe, Nitella axillaris A. Braun, N. glaziovii G. Zeller, N. gracilis (Smith) C. Agardh, N. hyalina (DC) C. Agardh, N. inversa Imahori and N. microcarpa Braun, represent new citations in the Itaipu Reservoir and ParanA State. Chara guairensis, Nitella furcata and Nitella glaziovii showed the largest geographical ranges, while Chara hidropytis and Chara rusbyana showed more restricted distribution. Furthermore, it was found that among the environmental factors considered important for the establishing of charophytes at the tributaries of the reservoir, the underwater radiation positively affects the occurrence of the genera…
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The ultrastructural features of oospore wall ornamentation patterns revealed by scanning electron microscopy are important taxonomic characters of the Charales. The present study shows inter‐and intrapecific variations in 19 species of the genera Chara, Lamprohamnium, Nitella and Tolypella. This is the first time that the oospore wall ornamentation of Swedish Charales has been documented in detail. In the studied Chara species the ornamentation within species was variable, and partly overlapping between species, but only between closely related species. In contrast, the Nitella species showed distinct differences in ornamentation patterns between species, although the same patterns can be found in different species. This study presents for the first time SEM images of the species Chara rudis (pustular ornamentation), Nitella opaca (pitted ornamentation) and Nitella wahlbergiana (anastomosing network ornamentation). The ornamentation pattern in the Nordic species TV. wahlbergiana , supports its separation from Nitella mucronata which has a reticulate ornamentation. The relationship between length and width of the oospores is also of taxonomic significance. Nitella and Tolypella oospores are roundish, whereas those of Chara and Lamprothamnium are elongate. The extent to which environmental and genetic factors can affect oospore size and shape within a species are still unknown, but in the present study both ornamentation pattern and size provided evidence for the distinction between Chara globularis and Chara aspera. Some further taxonomic problems in the Charales are discussed in the light of the results of this study.
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New records to the Characean flora of Sicily are presented. Five species (Chara baltica, C. conimbrigensis, C. oedophylla, Nitella gracilis, Tolypella salina) are new to Sicily, two of them being also new to Italy (Chara conimbrigensis, C. oedophylla). Two species are confirmed for Sicily (Chara aspera, Nitella opaca), three (Chara braunii, C. canescens, Nitella capillaris) are rare taxa. The Characean flora of Sicily, updated with these records, currently includes 25 species, distributed in four genera: Chara (13 species), Nitella (eight species), Tolypella (three species) and Lamprothamnium (one species).
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