A mixed ionic and electronic conducting dual-phase oxygen permeable membrane with high CO2- tolerance
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Mixed ionic and electronic conducting dual-phase membranes for oxygen separation.Keywords:
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Ion selective alumina membranes and silica-coated membranes are studied to generate electric power from a concentration gradient by reverse electrodialysis. The surface in alumina membranes is usually positively charged when contacting an electrolyte. In alumina membranes, pore interior has higher positive ions than negative ions. On the other hand, the surface in alumina membranes with silica coating is usually negatively charged when contacting an electrolyte. Consequently, alumina membranes are ionic selective for positive ions and silica-coated membranes are ionic selective for negative ions. It is much easier to manufacture the porous membranes than ion exchange membranes. When an electrolyte concentration gradient is applied between the membranes, electric power is generated. Experimental investigation is conducted for the power generation from these alumina membranes and silica-coated membranes placed between two sodium chloride solutions with constant concentration ratio. Ion selectivity of alumina membranes and silica-coated membranes is constant as concentrations of the solutions increase. Due to relatively easy and low cost fabrication processing of alumina membranes, power generation from concentration gradients with alumina membranes could be widely used in a various application area.
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Since the application fields of ultrafiltration (UF) are expanding very rapidly, an UF membrane must have various kinds of characteristics. In this article, the UF membranes developed recently are reviewed from the literatures published after 1980.Recently, two kinds of heat-resistant UF membranes have been developed by using polyether-sulfone as membrane material. In particular, the commercially available DUS-40 membrane resists the sterilization by pressurized hot water at 128 °C.Several kinds of solvent-resistant UF membranes have been developed by using various types of polyimide. One of these membranes has already been commercialized.As the highly functional UF membrane, various kinds of negatively and positively charged UF membranes have been developed. Applications of the charged UF membranes are still under development.Many types of UF membranes have also been developed by using various kinds of polymers.Inorganic materials were also used in order to make UF membranes having large heat- and solvent-resistance.Several kinds of porous ceramic membranes and porous glass membranes have, already been commercialized. Many of these membranes have pores whose diameters are 0.2-10, μm, and are mainly used as a microfiltration membrane.Porous aluminium membranes are now under developing.Dynamically formed inorganic UF membranes have been developed by using several kinds of inorganic colloids.
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Characterization
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Abstract Twelve kinds of cation‐exchange membranes were treated with hydrogen peroxide. Some of them (Selemion CMV, Nepton CR‐61, Scrion C‐100, SAM‐1) were completely destroyed. Heterogeneity is believed to be present in that part of their chemical structures that is decomposable by the treatment. The other membranes were converted into porous membranes by the decomposition of the resinous part. Water permeabilities and electric resistances of the porous membranes were examined to evaluate the pore radius. It was concluded that the “paste method” membranes have a heterogeneity or localized distribution of the resinous part under 50 mμ. The “paste method” membranes seemed to resemble the “graft method” membranes in chemical structure and to be much different from the mosaic‐type membranes such as Permaplex and MC‐3142. These results were also supported by extraction of the membranes with appropriate solvents and observation by electron microscopy.
Ion Exchange Membranes
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This chapter covers perspectives of membranes from a combination of both academic research and industrial development. Membrane separation is a nonequilibrium process and determined by both the physical and chemical properties of the mixtures to be separated as well as the membrane materials and membrane structures. Three types of membranes, including polymeric, inorganic, and polymeric/inorganic mixed-matrix membranes (MMMs), have been studied extensively in academia and industries for a wide range of potential applications. Polymeric membranes can be fabricated into many different geometries such as flat sheet that can form spiral wound membrane modules, tube, and hollow fiber. Inorganic membranes provide new separation opportunities such as high-temperature catalytic membrane reactor applications. Both polymeric and inorganic membranes have their unique advantages and some limitations. MMMs are developed to overcome the limitations of polymeric membranes and inorganic membranes and combine the advanced features of both membranes with the potential of being fabricated using polymeric membrane manufacturing process.
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Polymeric membrane
Synthetic membrane
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