Risk factors for toxoplasmosis in people living with HIV in the Asia-Pacific region
Ki Hyun LeeAwachana JiamsakulSasisopin KiertiburanakulRohidas BorseVohith KholEvy YunihastutiIskandar AzwaI Ketut Agus SomiaRomanee ChaiwarithThach Ngoc PhamSuwimon KhusuwanCuong DuyNagalingeswaran KumarasamyYasmin GaniRossana DitangcoOon Tek NgSanjay PujariMan Po LeeAnchalee AvihingsanonHsin‐Pai ChenFujie ZhangJunko TanumaJeremy RossJun Yong Choi
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Abstract:
Toxoplasma gondii can cause symptomatic toxoplasmosis in immunodeficient hosts, including in people living with human immunodeficiency virus (PLWH), mainly because of the reactivation of latent infection. We assessed the prevalence of toxoplasmosis and its associated risk factors in PLWH in the Asia-Pacific region using data from the TREAT Asia Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) Observational Database (TAHOD) of the International Epidemiology Databases to Evaluate AIDS (IeDEA) Asia-Pacific.Keywords:
Toxoplasmosis
Asia-Pacific
Toxoplasmosis
Congenital toxoplasmosis
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Traditional approaches to the diagnosis of toxoplasmosis include etiological, immunological and imaging methods. However, veterinarians lack clinical markers that would be the basis for testing for toxoplasmosis. Authors found that for toxoplasmosis, the serum of dogs has a high content of ALT enzymes in 68.5% and AST in 91% of cases. In 39.7%, toxoplasmosis is associated with skin lesions and in 20.5% with lesions of the nervous system. In this article, authors summarize that in circumstances of existance of skin and nervous system lesions and a high content of AlAT and AsAT enzymes (according to the results of biochemical tests of blood serum) are found in dogs in veterinary clinics, - a test for toxoplasmosis is recommended. The obtained data create a basis for further research in understanding the pathogenetic mechanisms of toxoplasmosis clinical signs in dogs development. These studies will contribute to a better understanding of the epidemiology, prevention and control of toxoplasmosis.
Toxoplasmosis
Etiology
Blood serum
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Between 1981 and 1994, the detection of specific antibodies against Toxoplasma gondii was performed simultaneously in serum and aqueous humor from 90 patients, and the Witmer-Desmonts coefficient measuring the relative concentration of antibodies produced locally was calculated to confirm the clinical diagnosis of ocular toxoplasmosis. Thirty-seven results were positive (41.1%), 12 uncertain (13.3%) and 41 negative (45.6%). These results are compared with the data obtained by the polymerase chain reaction for the genomic detection of an infectious agent in the aqueous humor that have recently been published.
Toxoplasmosis
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Toxoplasmosis
Congenital toxoplasmosis
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Toxoplasmosis
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Acute toxoplasmosis in immunocompetent persons most often proceeds subclinically and ends with the formation of latent toxoplasmosis, which does not require therapy and observation. The presence of clinical signs of a long-term disease forces an extensive diagnostic search to exclude/confirm chronic toxoplasmosis. In the treatment of toxoplasmosis in persons without immunodeficiency, repeated courses of antiprotozoal drugs are used, which do not guarantee clinical recovery and the absence of relapses. Perinatal aspects of toxoplasmosis will be discussed in a future publication.
Toxoplasmosis
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The review presents data on the prevalence of toxoplasmosis in different countries and regions. It gives a comparative assessment of the methods of serodiagnosis of toxoplasmosis, which permit identification of specific immunoglobulins G, M, A, and E. The authors show a role of laboratory diagnostic techniques in the differentiation of the acute form of toxoplasmosis from its chronic form. They provide the currently available modifications of the basic procedure for enzyme immunoassay, molecular genetic methods, and a direct fluorescent antibody test for the detection of Toxoplasma gondii antigens. The current view of a cellular immune response and its role in monitoring the development of toxoplasmosis are considered.
Toxoplasmosis
Identification
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Toxoplasmosis
Parasitic Disease
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Tests were performed for antibodies IgG, IgM and IgA anti-Toxoplasma gondii antibodies in serum and intraocular fluids (Aqueous and vitreous humor) from patients with ocular toxoplasmosis. By the results obtained, it was verified that intraocular IgG and IgA anti-Toxoplasma gondii antibodies can be important markers for the diagnosis of ocular toxoplasmosis.
Toxoplasmosis
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