Uveitis: Is Ocular Toxoplasmosis only a Clinical Diagnosis?
24
Citation
0
Reference
10
Related Paper
Citation Trend
Abstract:
Between 1981 and 1994, the detection of specific antibodies against Toxoplasma gondii was performed simultaneously in serum and aqueous humor from 90 patients, and the Witmer-Desmonts coefficient measuring the relative concentration of antibodies produced locally was calculated to confirm the clinical diagnosis of ocular toxoplasmosis. Thirty-seven results were positive (41.1%), 12 uncertain (13.3%) and 41 negative (45.6%). These results are compared with the data obtained by the polymerase chain reaction for the genomic detection of an infectious agent in the aqueous humor that have recently been published.Keywords:
Toxoplasmosis
Introduction: The toxoplasmosis disease resulting from Toxoplasma gondii infection can manifest itself in many ways, however, congenital, ocular and cerebral forms require greater care. The infection by this protozoan is directly related to environmental and economic factors of the region. Objective: The present study, through a review in the literature, aimed to reinforce the knowledge about the infection caused by Toxoplasma gondii and its main clinical manifestations. Methods: This is a literature overview from academic books and scientific articles available in the Scientific Electronic Library Online, US National Library of Medicine National Institutes of Health and Google Scholar databases. To search the publications, the following descriptors were used: Toxoplasma gondii, toxoplasmosis, congenital toxoplasmosis, ocular toxoplasmosis and cerebral toxoplasmosis. The most relevant articles corresponding to the period from 2000 to 2017 were selected. Development: Toxoplasmosis may be of congenital or acquired origin after birth. The congenital form occurs during the embryonic/fetal life and through the passage of Toxoplasma gondii through the transplacental route. Ocular disease is common in both congenital and acquired infections and is closely associated with the presence of neurotoxoplasmosis in AIDS patients. Conclusion: Thus, immunocompromised patients and immunosuppressed patients are considered to be risk groups for Toxoplasma gondii infection.
Toxoplasmosis
Congenital toxoplasmosis
Transplacental
Opportunistic infection
Cite
Citations (0)
Abstract Background Toxoplasma gondii , an intracellular apicomplexan protozoan parasite, can infect all warm-blooded animals. Infected swine are considered one of the most important sources of T. gondii infection in humans. Rapidly and effectively diagnosing T. gondii infection in swine is essential. PCR-based diagnostic tests have been fully developed, and very sensitive and specific PCR is crucial for the diagnosis of swine toxoplasmosis. Methods To established a high specificity and sensitivity PCR detection method for swine toxoplasmosis, we used T. gondii GRA14 gene as target to design specific primers and established a PCR detection method for swine toxoplasmosis. A total of 5462 blood specimens collected from pigs in 5 provinces and autonomous regions in southern China during 2016–2017 were assessed by the newly established GRA14 gene PCR method. Result Altogether, we used T. gondii GRA14 gene as target to design specific primers and established a high specificity and sensitivity PCR detection method for swine toxoplasmosis; in particular, this PCR method could detect T. gondii tachyzoite DNA in the acute infection phase. The GRA14 gene PCR assay detected a minimum of 2.35 tachyzoites of T. gondii , and it could be used for T. gondii detection in blood, tissue, semen, urine and waste feed specimens. The overall T. gondii infection rate was 18.9% (1033/5462) by the newly established GRA14 gene PCR method. According to statistical analysis among different regions, the positive rates of swine toxoplasmosis in the Shaanxi, Fujian and Guangdong areas in China from 2016 to 2017 were the highest, at 31.7% (44/139), 21.9% (86/391) and 18.8% (874/4645), respectively (χ 2 = 84.2, P < 0.0001). Specimens collected in 2017 had a higher positive rate (19.1% or 886/4639) than those collected in 2016 (16.1% or 155/963) (χ 2 = 4.5, P < 0.05). Specimens collected in autumn (39.4% or 187/474), spring (22.8% or 670/2940) and winter (18.2% or 129/709) also had higher positive rates than those collected in summer (3.8% or 57/1479) (χ 2 = 427.7, P < 0.0001). Conclusions These results indicate that the new PCR method based on the T. gondii GRA14 gene would be useful for the diagnosis of swine toxoplasmosis and that it would facilitate the diagnosis of toxoplasmosis in clinical laboratories.
Toxoplasmosis
Cite
Citations (0)
Almost all warm-blooded species, including humans, are susceptible to infection by intracellular Toxoplasma gondii. There was no statistically significant difference between toxoplasmosis infection and animal interaction. Blood type was the only factor positively associated with T. gondii disease. Significant correlation was declared at a level of >0.05. It is preferable to pay attention to this important aspect of society in order to ensure healthy offspring capable of building the nation. The mean concentrations of AST, ALT, and ALP in the serum of the toxoplasmosis patient were decreased, although not significantly. These findings can help elucidate the pathophysiology of toxoplasmosis.
Toxoplasmosis
Cite
Citations (0)
Objective To diagnose swine toxoplasmosis by specific PCR assay and to isolate Toxoplasma gondii strain from infected tissues through inoculation in mice. Methods Swine toxoplasmosis was diagosed by microscopy of tissue smear amd specific PCR assay (using the first internal transcribed spacer of ribosomal DNA as genetic marker). The diagnosis was further confrimed and the T. gondii strain was isolated by the inoculation of infected tissues in mice. Results Two cases of swine toxoplasmosis were analyzed. A few T. gondii tachyzoites were observed in case 1 by microscopy, but not in case 2. In both cases, DNA fragment specific for T. gondii was amplified from genomic DNA from infected tissues by specific PCR assay. One strain of T. gondii was isolated from each case through inoculation of infected tissues and serial passages in mice. Conclusion Specific PCR assay is a rapid and accurate method for diagnosing swine toxoplasmosis. Inoculation of infected tissues in mice is an effective method for the isolation of T.gondii strains and to confirm the diagnosis.
Toxoplasmosis
Isolation
Strain (injury)
genomic DNA
Cite
Citations (6)
Toxoplasma gondii is an important apicomplexan parasite of humans and other warm-blooded animals. Ponazuril is a triazine anticoccidial recently approved for use in horses in the United States. We determined that ponazuril significantly inhibited T. gondii tachyzoite production (P < 0.05) at 5.0, 1.0, or 0.1 μg/ml in African green monkey kidney cells. We used outbred female CD-1 mice to determine the efficacy of ponazuril in preventing and treating acute toxoplasmosis. Each mouse was subcutaneously infected with 1,000 tachyzoites of the RH strain of T. gondii. Mice were weighed daily, and ponazuril was administered orally in a suspension. Mice given 10 or 20 mg/kg body weight ponazuril 1 day before infection and then daily for 10 days were completely protected against acute toxoplasmosis. Relapse did not occur after prophylactic treatments were stopped. Toxoplasma gondii DNA could not be detected in the brains of these mice using polymerase chain reaction (PCR). One hundred percent of mice treated with 10 or 20 mg/kg ponazuril at 3 days after infection and then daily for 10 days were protected from fatal toxoplasmosis. Sixty percent of mice treated with 10 mg/kg ponazuril at 6 days after infection and 100% of mice treated with 20 mg/kg or 50 mg ponazuril 6 days after infection and then daily for 10 days were protected from fatal toxoplasmosis. Relapse did not occur after treatments were stopped. Toxoplasma gondii DNA was detected in the brains of some, but not all, of these mice using PCR. The results demonstrate that ponazuril is effective in preventing and treating toxoplasmosis in mice. It should be further investigated as a safe and effective treatment for this disease in animals.
Toxoplasmosis
Cite
Citations (40)
Toxoplasmosis is a worldwide endemic disease. In congenitally infected infants and AIDS patients, toxoplasmosis causes high rates of morbidity and mortality. In these cases antibody detection is difficult; so detection of parasite or its components could be useful tool for early detection and following treatment of the infection.Sixty-three BALB/c mice were injected intra-peritoneal with 5×10(3) tachyzoites of Toxoplasma gondii RH strain, nine mice were sacrificed daily for 7 days. Fourteen mice were injected with phosphate buffer saline as control group. Dot-ELISA was performed for detection of T.gondii antigen in mice sera and capture - ELISA was done as golden standard assay too.Toxoplasma gondii antigen was detected from day 2 in mice sera; 22% of mice sera on day 2, 33% on day 3,77% on day 4 and 100% on day 5 till their death on day 7 had shown antigenemia by dot - ELISA, no positive result was detected in control mice by dot- ELISA.Dot-ELISA is a sensitive method for diagnosis of T. gondii infection in the animal model; also, this technique is more rapid and easy to perform method in comparison with capture-ELISA.
Toxoplasmosis
Phosphate buffered saline
Parasitic Disease
Cite
Citations (17)
Abstract Toxoplasma gondii is a widespread parasitic pathogen that infect humans and all warm-blooded animals, causing abortion and stillbirth in pregnant women and animals, as well as life threatening toxoplasmosis in immune compromised individuals. Felines are the only definitive hosts of Toxoplasma and oocysts shed by infected felines are the major source of infection for humans and other animals. Given the critical role of felines for T. gondii transmission, control of feline toxoplasmosis has significant impacts on reducing the overall prevalence of animal and human toxoplasmosis. However, reliable diagnosis of feline toxoplasmosis is still challenging. In this study, we found that the putative micronemal protein 17A (MIC17A) that was abundantly expressed in Toxoplasma merozoites is a good diagnostic marker for serological diagnosis of Toxoplasma infection in felines. T. gondii encodes four paralogs of MIC17A in total and the expression of three of them is drastically upregulated in merozoites than in tachyzoites. In contrast, when proteins like GRA1 and MIC3 that are more abundantly expressed in tachyzoites than in merozoites were used as diagnostic antigens to test feline toxoplasmosis, they reacted with Toxoplasma specific IgG antibodies poorly. Taken together, these results suggest that merozoite antigens are better suited for the diagnosis of feline toxoplasmosis than antigens that are highly expressed at tachyzoite or bradyzoite stages.
Toxoplasmosis
Cite
Citations (3)
Toxoplasmosis
Isolation
Cite
Citations (160)
To investigate whether the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) on the BI gene of Toxoplasma gondii could contribute to the diagnosis of cerebral toxoplasmosis in patients with AIDS, we retrospectively tested CSF samples from 20 patients with AIDS suspected of having cerebral toxoplasmosis for the presence of T. gondii. Suspicion of cerebral toxoplasmosis was based on accepted criteria. Nine patients with AIDS with IgG antibodies to T. gondii but who were not suspected of having cerebral toxoplasmosis and four patients with AIDS seronegative for T. gondii served as negative control patients. T. gondii was demonstrated by PCR in the CSF from 13 of the 20 patients with AIDS suspected of having cerebral toxoplasmosis but was not demonstrated in the CSF samples from the nine control patients seropositive for T. gondii and the four control patients seronegative for T. gondii. The data were statistically evaluated. This study shows the value of PCR for the detection of T. gondii in CSF for the diagnosis of cerebral toxoplasmosis in patients with AIDS.
Toxoplasmosis
Cite
Citations (64)
Toxoplasmosis is a zoonotic diseases caused by Toxoplasma gondii,which spread out by cats and it can be found in fowl. It because the fowl swallowing food which had been infected byToxoplasma gondii oocyst. The most consumpted fowl is chicken.The source of data and agriculture information center showed that consumption of chicken was increased about 10,20%. It could be a potential increasement of Toxoplasma gondii infection. The objective of this research was indentificate the infection of Toxoplasma gondii cyst on ras chicken brain. The type of this research was a descriptive research, observe by examining 30 samples of the ras chicken brain by randomized sampling techniques. Based on research on 30 samples of the ras chicken brain, obtained positive results as much as 2 samples (6.6%) cyst infected of Toxoplasma gondii and others 28 samples of ras chicken brain (93.4%) were not infected with Toxoplasma gondii cysts. Positive results of Toxoplasma gondii can be caused due to maintenance system and cleanliness of chicken coop was much less, so there were carrier vectors contaminate to feed place, so there was a potential infection of Toxoplasmosis.It can be concluded that been 2 samples of chicken brain being infected cyst of Toxoplasma gondii or about 6,6% and there were 28 samples or 93,4% of chicken brain that were not infected by cyst of Toxoplasma gondii. Infection circle of Toxoplasmosis can be avoided by manage maintenance system of chicken and keep the cage cleamliness, also keep the personal hygiene and feeds.
Toxoplasmosis
Fowl
Cite
Citations (1)