Rhodoquinone carries electrons in the mammalian electron transport chain
Jonathan ValerosM JérômeTenzin TseyangPaula VoT DoDiana Fajardo PalominoNils GrotehansManisha KunalaAlexandra E. JerrettNicolai HathiramaniMichael MirekuRayna Y. MageshBatuhan YenilmezPaul RosenJessica L. MannJacob W. MyersTenzin KunchokThomas C. ManningLily N. BoerckerPhilippa CarrMuhammad Bin MunimCaroline A. LewisDavid M. SabatiniMark KellyJun XieMichael CzechGuangping GaoJennifer N. ShepherdAmy K. WalkerHahn KimEmma V. WatsonJessica B. Spinelli
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Highlights•RQ is present in mitochondria isolated from certain mouse and human tissues•RQ carries electrons to fumarate as the electron acceptor, independently of O2 levels•The ETC can be reprogrammed to the RQ/fumarate pathway using genetic and pharmacologic tools•Reprogramming the ETC mitigates hypoxia-induced damage in vitro and in vivoSummaryUbiquinone (UQ), the only known electron carrier in the mammalian electron transport chain (ETC), preferentially delivers electrons to the terminal electron acceptor oxygen (O2). In hypoxia, ubiquinol (UQH2) diverts these electrons onto fumarate instead. Here, we identify rhodoquinone (RQ), an electron carrier detected in mitochondria purified from certain mouse and human tissues that preferentially delivers electrons to fumarate through the reversal of succinate dehydrogenase, independent of environmental O2 levels. The RQ/fumarate ETC is strictly present in vivo and is undetectable in cultured mammalian cells. Using genetic and pharmacologic tools that reprogram the ETC from the UQ/O2 to the RQ/fumarate pathway, we establish that these distinct ETCs support unique programs of mitochondrial function and that RQ confers protection upon hypoxia exposure in vitro and in vivo. Thus, in discovering the presence of RQ in mammals, we unveil a tractable therapeutic strategy that exploits flexibility in the ETC to ameliorate hypoxia-related conditions.Graphical abstractKeywords:
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The effect of dibromothymoquinone on photosynthetic electron transport in pea dependent on concentration was studied. Dibromothymoquinone inhibited general electron transport from water to NADP+ in isolated chloroplasts and ethiochloroplasts and the electron transfer via plastoquinone and cytochrome f in the leaves and isolated plastids. At all concentrations studied dibromothymoquinone significantly affected the absorption changes at 590 nm in the ethiochloroplasts associated with plastocyanine photoreactions. Possible location of electron carriers in the photosynthetic electron transport chain is discussed.
Plastoquinone
Cytochrome f
Cytochrome b6f complex
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Reentrancy
Core charge
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A method for the energy analysis of electrons in the presence of trapped electrons has been developed. This was actually applied to measurements of electron distribution functions, including both free and trapped electrons in shock experiments. Finally, it was found from comparing the characteristic curves that this method has a great advantage over the probe technique for the purpose described above.
Energy distribution
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Білім берy қоғaмның экономикaлық дaмyының негізі, әлеyметтік тұрaқтылықтың фaкторлaрының бірі, хaлықтың рyхaни-aдaмгершілік әлеyетінің және интеллектyaлдық өсyінің қaйнaр көзі ретінде бaрлық yaқыттaрдa тaптырмaс құндылық болып есептеліп келеді. Aл қaзіргідей aдaм кaпитaлын қaлыптaстырy мен дaмытy мәселесін шешy негізгі міндет ретінде қaрaстырылaтын зaмaндa хaлықтың білімдік қaжеттіліктері өсіп, жоғaры, ортa aрнayлы, кәсіби қосымшa білім aлyғa үміткерлер сaны aртa түсyде. Бұғaн жayaп ретінде білім берy ұйымдaрының сaлaлaнyы aртып, әртүрлі типтегі оқy орындaрының сaны aртyдa, білім берyдің инфрaқұрылымы, бaсқaрy формaлaры, әдістемелік, ғылыми қызмет түрлері дaмyдa. Олaрды білім aлyшылaрдың жеке сұрaныстaры мен мүмкіндіктеріне бaғыттay күшейтілyде. Осығaн орaй білімнің сaпaсынa қойылaтын тaлaптaр aртып, бұл сaлaның әлеyметпен өзaрa әрекеттестігіне негізделген құрылымдық – қызметтік дaмyының көкейтестілігі aртyдa. Мaқaлaдa «серіктестік», «әлеyметтік серіктестік», «білімдегі әлеyметтік серіктестік» ұғым- дaрының мәні aшылып, олaрдың қaлыптaсy және дaмy үрдісіне шолy жaсaлaды, жоғaры оқy орындaрындa педaгогтaрды дaярлayдa әлеyметтік серіктестердің әлеyетін пaйдaлaнyдa бaсшылыққa aлынaтын ұстaнымдaр мен тиімді жолдaры сипaттaлaды. Түйін сөздер: серіктестік, әлеyметтік серіктестік, білімдегі әлеyметтік серіктестік, бірлескен әрекет ұстaнымдaры, әлеуметтік серіктестік әлеуеті. Обрaзовaние является основой экономического рaзвития обществa, одним из фaкторов социaль- ной стaбильности, источником дyховно-нрaвственного потенциaлa и интеллектyaльного ростa людей и во все временa считaлось незaменимой ценностью. И в нaстоящее время, когдa решение проблемы формировaния и рaзвития человеческого кaпитaлa рaссмaтривaется кaк основнaя зaдaчa, рaстyт обрaзовaтельные потребности людей, yвеличивaется количество желaющих полyчить высшее, среднее, специaльное, профессионaльное дополнительное обрaзовaние. В ответ нa это yсиливaется рaзветвленность обрaзовaтельных оргaнизaций, yвеличивaется количество обрaзовaтельных оргaни- зaций рaзличного типa, рaзвивaются инфрaстрyктyрa обрaзовaния, формы yпрaвления, методическaя и нayчнaя деятельность. Yсиливaется их ориентaция нa индивидyaльные потребности и возможности обyчaющихся. В связи с этим повышaются требовaния к кaчествy обрaзовaния, возрaстaет знaчение стрyктyрно-фyнкционaльного рaзвития этой сферы нa основе взaимодействия с обществом. В стaтье рaскрывaется знaчение понятий «пaртнерство», «социaльное пaртнерство», «социaльное пaртнерство в обрaзовaнии», рaссмaтривaется процесс их стaновления и рaзвития, описывaются рyко- водящие принципы и эффективные способы использовaния потенциaлa социaльных пaртнеров в подготовке педaгогических кaдров в высших yчебных зaведениях. Ключевые словa: партнерство, социaльное пaртнерство, социaльное пaртнерство в обрaзовaнии, принципы совместного действия, поненциал социального партнерство. Education is the basis of the economic development of society, one of the factors of social stability, a source of spiritual and moral potential and intellectual growth of people and has always been considered an irreplaceable value. And at the present time, when the solution of the problem of the formation and development of human capital is considered as the main task, the educational needs of people are growing, the number of people wishing to receive higher, secondary, special, professional additional education is increasing. In response to this, the branching of educational organizations is increasing, the number of educational organizations of various types is increasing, the infrastructure of education, forms of management, methodological and scientific activities are developing. Their focus on the individual needs and capabilities of students is increasing. In this regard, the requirements for the quality of education are increasing, the importance of the structural and functional development of this sphere on the basis of interaction with society is increasing. The article reveals the meaning of the concepts of "partnership", "social partnership", "social partnership in education", examines the process of their formation and development, describes the guidelines and effective ways to use the potential of social partners in the training of teachers in higher educational institutions. Keywords: partnership, social partnership, social partnership in education, principles of joint action, the potential of social partnership.
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Indophenol
Electron acceptor
Electron donor
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Cytochrome b6f complex
P700
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Following the scheme of ${\mathrm{Hund}}^{1}$ for similar $s$, $p$ and $d$ electrons the terms arising from similar $f$ electrons have been worked out and tabulated. Tables have also been prepared for one and two electrons, where in the latter case these electrons are dissimilar i.e. have either different total or different azimuthal quantum numbers, and also for three electrons two of which are similar. These tables along with those for similar $s$, $p$ and $d$ electrons are found not only to be of frequent use but also to bring out certain rules that may be applied in determining spectral terms arising from any electron configuration.
Quantum number
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Abstract The dynamics of ultrarelativistic axially channeled electrons in thick crystals is studied. It is revealed that a certain fraction of initial electrons have anomalously large dechanneling depths. It is shown also that the dechanneling depth in heavy and light crystals are comparable. In some cases, the number of channeled electrons can strongly increase at the expence of quasi-channeled electrons. The problem of quasichanneling is also considered.
Axial symmetry
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Solid-state physics
Charge carrier
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High temperature treatment (30-50o) induced alterations in photosynthetic electron transport activities of maize leaves in a preferential manner. From the electron transport measurements it is clear that high temperature causes inhibition in photosystem (PS) II catalyzed electron transport and enhances the PS I catalyzed electron transport activities. The possible reasons for the loss of PS II catalyzed activity could be alterations at water oxidation complex which is evidenced for whole chain catalyzed electron transport measurements. The reason for the enhancement of PS I catalyzed electron transport could be opening of new site for reduced ascorbate donation after Cyt b6f.
Cytochrome b6f complex
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