A Method for the Energy Analysis of Electrons in the Presence of Trapped Electrons
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Abstract:
A method for the energy analysis of electrons in the presence of trapped electrons has been developed. This was actually applied to measurements of electron distribution functions, including both free and trapped electrons in shock experiments. Finally, it was found from comparing the characteristic curves that this method has a great advantage over the probe technique for the purpose described above.Keywords:
Energy distribution
A simple expression for the distance between two electrons, (δr 12 ) ab , has been defined from one-electron expectation values. This value is calculated for triplet and singlet systems of two electrons, and closed-shell molecules of up to 58 electrons. When (δr 12 ) ab is compared to the corresponding coulomb integral, J ab , an interesting relationship is observed. The relationship is followed extremely closely by all pairs of electrons, except for some deviations involving delocalized core–core electron pairs.
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It is shown that the anomalies observed in the resistance of the lighter rare-earth metals can be explained in form and order of magnitude by a simple model of the interaction between the conduction electrons and the $f$ electrons which are tightly bound to each atom. The $f$ electrons interact with the crystal field set up by the surrounding atoms, so that there is a Stark splitting of their energy levels. The extra resistance arises because ion cores with $f$ electrons in different states present different cross sections to the conduction electrons, and also because the conduction electrons can knock ions from one state to another. All exchange effects are neglected.
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This paper investigates the low-energy electrons emitted from metal cracks. A mathematical model of low-energy electron emission from metals was established. A low-energy electron sensor system with a double grid air counter core was designed to measure the number of electrons emitted. The experiment was performed on 2024 Al. The results show that the detection system is effective for testing the number of low-energy electrons. When a crack expands due to applied force, the number of electrons detected increases with force, which shows that the double grid air counter sensor system can judge the development of cracks by measuring the number of low-energy electrons. The number of electrons detected increases with temperature, which verifies that the temperature influences low-energy electron emission.
Low energy
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The electrons in the lowest occupied valence orbital (LOVO) of molecules have been found to dominate the gamma-ray spectra in the positron–electron annihilation process. The mechanism of this phenomenon is revealed in the present work for the first time. Theoretical quantitative analyses are applied to all noble gas atoms and molecules CH4, O2, C6H6, and C6H14. More than 70% of LOVO electrons and less than 30% of highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO) electrons distribute within the full width at half-maximum (FWHM) region of the momentum spectra averagely. This indicates that the LOVO electrons have at least 2 times of probabilities than the HOMO electrons within this area. The predicted positron annihilation spectra are then generally dominated by the innermost LOVO electrons instead of the outmost HOMO electrons under the plane-wave approximation.
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This paper deals with the ionization potentials of the lanthanides by the modified Slater mehtod.Alternations have been made of as follows the screening constants of the 4f electrons for the 5s, 5p, 5d, and 6s electrons; the screening constants of the 5p and 6s electrons for the 6s electrons; and the screening constants of impregnated 5s and 5p electrons for the 4f electrons.And the relationship between the screening constants for the 4f electrons and number of the 4f electrons ions is also given. The 1st, 2nd and 3rd ionization potentials of the lanthanides have been calculated, and the results are satisfactory.
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Nanowire double quantum dots occupied by an even number of electrons are investigated in the context of energy level structure revealed by electric dipole spin resonance measurements. We use a numerically exact configuration interaction approach up to six electrons for systems tuned to a Pauli spin blockade regime. We point out the differences between the spectra of systems with two and a greater number of electrons. For two electrons the unequal length of the dots results in a different effective $g$ factor in the dots as observed by the recent experiments. For an increased number of electrons the $g\ensuremath{-}\text{factor}$ difference between the dots appears already for symmetric systems and it is greatly amplified when the dots are of unequal length. We find that the energy splitting defining the resonant electric dipole spin frequency can be quite precisely described by the two electrons involved in the Pauli blockade with the lower-energy occupied states forming a frozen core.
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A metal near the topological transition can be loosely viewed as consisting of two groups of electrons. The first group are ``bulk'' electrons occupying most of the Brillouin zone. The second group are electrons with wave vectors close to the topological transition point. Kinetic energy, ${\stackrel{\ifmmode \tilde{}\else \~{}\fi{}}{E}}_{F}$, of electrons of the first group is much bigger than kinetic energy, ${E}_{F}$, of electrons of the second group. With electrons of the second group being slow, the interaction effects are more pronounced for these electrons. We perform a calculation illustrating that electrons of the second group are responsible for inelastic lifetime making it anomalously short, so the concept of quasiparticles applies to these electrons only marginally. We also demonstrate that interactions renormalize the spectrum of electrons in the vicinity of topological transition, the parameters of renormalized spectrum being strongly dependent on the proximity to the transition. Another many-body effect that evolves dramatically as the Fermi level is swept through the transition is the Friedel oscillations of the electron density created by electrons of the second group around an impurity. These oscillations are strongly anisotropic with a period depending on the direction. Scattering of electrons off these oscillations give rise to a temperature-dependent ballistic correction to the conductivity.
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