Shared mooring systems for offshore floating wind farms: A review
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Offshore wind energy, as a form of renewable power, has seen rapid development in recent years. While fixed-bottom wind turbines are typically used in water depths less than 50 m, the utilization of floating offshore wind turbines (FOWTs) becomes essential for deeper waters. Secure and effective mooring systems play a crucial role in making FOWTs commercially viable. The concept of a shared mooring system offers an innovative solution for deploying floating wind farms in clusters or arrays, which can reduce overall construction costs for large-scale floating wind farms. It is imperative to optimize the shared mooring arrangement for maximum cost-effectiveness and wind farm stability. However, implementing a shared mooring system introduces complexity to the dynamics of FOWTs, requiring the development of advanced simulation tools to meet modelling requirements. Under the shared mooring arrangement, mooring lines and anchors face more significant challenges, such as chain-seabed interactions, soil cyclic weakening, and anchor out-of-plane loading, which underscore the need for innovative, reliable, and efficient shared anchor designs. This article offers an overview of the current research status on shared mooring systems for floating wind farms, which might serve as a valuable reference for the construction of large-scale floating wind farms worldwide.Keywords:
Mooring
Marine energy
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Due to the ever increasing size of tankers and the inadequate facilities in the United States to accommodate these large vessels, a case is presented for the construction of offshore terminals utilizing the single buoy mooring system. Background information on the increase in size of tankers since 1961 is given, and a comparison of the single buoy mooring system to the offshore island terminal concept is also included. Reasons are given for preference of the single buoy mooring system over the offshore island, and several varied uses of the single buoy mooring system are also included in the discussion.
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In this paper, we emphasize the opportunity to capitalize Romania’s offshore wind potential by creating fixed and floating offshore platforms and by using HVDC- type solutions for the transport of produced electricity.
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An efficient, well-balanced North Sea Offshore Grid (NSOG) requires an area-based approach for large-scale OWF deployment. However, the essential coordination of environmental, spatial and energy planning at a basin scale is lacking. This study offers a systematic approach for unidirectional coupling of potentials( ), with an integrated energy system model, IESA-NS. Under the NSOG concept, we calculate spatial potentials for 8 predefined energy hubs(clusters). By combining the potential spatial availability, deployment and energy system costs(IESA-NS) and the risk management options (OWFs/fisheries/marine protected areas-MPA), we unfold trade-offs emerging in the planning of the future NSOG. Hence, a lower-cost NSOG, in reaching the North Sea 2050 energy targets, depends on integrated, collaborative space management, fast deployment of fixed-bottom OWFs by 2030(3.5 times the current capacity) and multi-use with static gear fisheries (Cluster 3) and MPAs (Cluster 7). Alternatively, a higher-cost NSOG with lower impacts on the MPAs and fisheries, is highly dependent on floating OWFs (32.6GWs by 2030), from 2 British NSOG clusters. In both cases, floating OWFs are essential, the effective use of cluster space requires basin-scale collaboration (Cluster 7-Dogger Bank), and the untapped potential of Cluster 8(floating OWFs) can lower the pressure on other NSOG clusters.
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SYNOPSIS This paper examines Danish considerations and experience. Localization—the indication of the exact location—has a decisive influence on the profitability of a wind turbine project. By means of the Wind Atlas the annual energy production from a given turbine at a given site can be estimated. In siting, a number of conflicting interests must be weighed against each other. For the large-scale production of electricity, wind farms are required. In Denmark a national localization survey for wind farms producing 4 TWh/year was carried out. The study delimitates 28 areas within which the first 250 wind turbines, each rated at 2.5 MW, can produce 2 TWh/year. The possibility of offshore siting has been investigated as well as the attitudes of the local politicians and the citizens towards a wind farm. The marketing of larger and cheaper wind turbines makes the inclusion of wind energy in physical planning difficult.
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Offshore mooring buoys are an inexpensive vessel storage solution. Unfortunately, offshore mooring buoys require substantially more water area than more expensive slips and piers. In some harbors, mooring anchorages have reached storage capacity and congest boat movement within harbors. The congestion in Newport Harbor, California triggered resident Marshall Duffield to propose replacing mooring anchorages with offshore mooring docks. These offshore docks enable vessels to be safely moored at a much higher density than mooring anchorages. By mooring vessels at a higher density, harbors can either reduce the water area dedicated to offshore vessel storage or they can increase mooring capacity without increasing the offshore mooring area. A case study of Newport Harbor demonstrates the use of mooring anchorages and the space savings potential of replacing the mooring anchorages with offshore mooring docks.
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Offshore energy hubs connect large amounts of offshore wind to a hub from where the generation can be transmitted to onshore, potentially linking to multiple surrounding countries. The benefits of such hubs, and the related meshed offshore grid to connect them, have been investigated in the North Sea. The system-wide impacts of offshore energy hubs in the Baltic Sea are less studied; however, the region is seeing increased interest in offshore wind development. This paper uses detailed offshore wind generation simulations and energy system optimisation to investigate the cost-effectiveness of offshore energy hubs in the Baltic Sea in different scenarios towards 2050. The results show that the largest deployment of offshore energy hubs occurs when the energy system is highly electrified. The strongest development of the offshore energy hubs occurs in the southern part of the Baltic Sea.
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Currently there is a high interest in offshore grids, especially can be mentioned the matter of increasing power generation from offshore wind farms, supplying offshore loads and cross-border connections. In this article typical elements incorporated within offshore grids will be mentioned: wind farms, high power loads, gas turbines and marine current farms. The aim of this article is to comment on means of modelling methods for angle stability analysis within offshore grids. Furthermore, this article dissertates about exemplary results of stability analysis of offshore grid test model.
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