A - 06 Sensitivity of Remote App-Based Assessment of Cognition among Older Adults to Fatigue-Mediated Differences in Cognitive Functioning
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This study assesses the sensitivity of the mobile cognitive app performance platform (mCAPP), a mobile and engaging cognitive assessment tool, to participant reported fatigue.The mCAPP includes three gamified tasks: a memory task ("Concentration"), a stroop-like task ("Brick Drop"), and a digit-symbol coding-like task ("Space Imposters"). For all games, shorter reaction times and fewer guesses indicate better performance. The cohort included 55 participants (72.73% female; age = 71.60 ± 4.48; education = 16.71 ± 2.30; 49.1% white; 49.1% Black/African American, 1.8% Multiracial) without cognitive impairment who are enrolled in the Penn ADRC cohort. Performance was analyzed as a whole and grouped into days of high (7+) and low (0-3) fatigue (range 0-10).The average fatigue rating was 2.61 ± 2.51. Overall, higher reported fatigue was weakly correlated with more time spent (ρ = 0.22) and a higher number of guesses on Concentration (ρ = 0.12; p-values<0.01). There was a significant difference in speed for those with high fatigue (M = 2.825) and low fatigue (M = 2.592; p = 0.018) on Space Imposters, but not on Brick Drop (p = 0.15). On Concentration, those with high fatigue needed a higher number of guesses (M = 5.356) compared to low fatigue (M = 5.095; p = 0.003) and more time was spent on individual guesses for those with high fatigue (M = 17.587) compared to low fatigue (M = 13.357; p < 0.001).The mCAPP can remotely detect differences in cognitive performance in self-reported high and low fatigue states. Future studies will include looking at sleep data to determine objective measures of fatigue-related behavior and in-depth analysis of performance within-subject.Keywords:
Stroop effect
Elementary cognitive task
Cognitive skill
Cognitive test
This study aimed to compare the dual-task and cognitive skills of problematic video gamers and non-problematic video gamers based on the fact that cognitive skills (e.g., inhibition, decision-making, attentional control, time perception) and dual-task performance may be positively affected in individuals who play games.The study was conducted on 62 individuals. The study group (n=33) consisted of individuals who played games, and the control group (n=28) consisted of non-gamers. Their scores on exercise benefits and barriers perception, cognitive performance, cognitive skills, and dual-task performances were measured. The Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) scale was used to evaluate cognitive function, and the Trail Making Test (TMT) was used to determine attention, speed, and better motor performance. The Stroop test was used to evaluate executive functioning.It was determined that the problematic game players group was faster at the Stroop 1 and Stroop 2 test times (respectively p=0.020, p=0.005). In the comparison of dual task-cognitive 10-meter walking) test times of both groups, it was seen that individuals in the problematic game players group were faster than the control subjects (p=0.044).It can be said that playing digital games improves the cognitive dual-task cost (DTC) and the executive functioning of individuals.
Video game
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The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of three cognitive tasks on gait at a preferred walking speed, and at a fast speed, using dual-task methodology. A total of 29 stroke patients participated in the study. All 29 subjects performed 2 motor tasks (10-meter walk task and timed up and go task each at a preferred and a fast speed) and three cognitive tasks [Stroop, word list generation (WLG), serial subtraction (SS)] under dual-task conditions [cognitive-motor interference (CMI)] in a randomized order. Gait speeds were measured in six different conditions. A repeated-measure analysis of variance was employed to compare the results of the Stroop training, WLG, and SS tasks during preferred and fast walking. A Bonferroni adjustment use for post hoc analysis. The level of statistical significance was set at ${\alpha}=.05$ . A CMI effect occurred for performance of a 10-meter walking task at two different speed and a cognitive task (p<.05). Stroop had a significantly greater effect than SS and WLG (p<.05). The timed up and go task was affected when performed with fast walking speed during Stroop cognitive task (p<.05), but was not affected if performed with preferred walking speed during a cognitive task (p>.05). This study showed that CMI of Stroop can be used as a rehabilitation program for stroke patients.
Stroop effect
Elementary cognitive task
Repeated measures design
Bonferroni correction
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General clinical cognitive assessment scales are not sensitive enough to cognitive impairment in high-functioning stroke patients. The dual-task assessment has advantages for identifying cognitive deficits in high-functioning stroke patients and has been gradually applied in clinical assessment and cognitive training. Moreover, the Stroop paradigm has higher sensitivity and specificity for attentional assessment than conventional clinical cognitive assessment scales. Therefore, this study presents the dual-task assessment based on the Stroop paradigm to identify cognitive deficits in high-functioning stroke patients. This study demonstrates a single- and dual-task evaluation based on the Stroop paradigm and confirms its feasibility through case experiments and synchronized functional near-infrared spectroscopy evaluation. The Stroop reaction time and correct rate are used as the main indicators to evaluate the cognitive level of the subjects. This study protocol aims to provide new ideas to figure out the ceiling effect in general clinical assessment failure for high-functioning stroke patients.
Stroop effect
Cognitive skill
Elementary cognitive task
Stroke
Cognitive remediation therapy
Ceiling effect
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The antagonistic effects of extensive sleep deprivation (SD) on human cognitive performance are well documented. However, one aspect of human performance that has not been investigated with respect to its susceptibility to SD is the 'meta-cognitive' ability to self-monitor overt performance. In the present study, 16 male subjects participated in an experiment requiring sustained cognitive work during a three day period. One of the cognitive tasks required the mental addition of rapidly presented numbers. On each trial, subjects reported the sum and then provided a subjective confidence rating to indicate the degree of certainty in their response. As expected, performance on the sequential addition task deteriorated with increasing fatigue and returned to baseline following a recovery sleep. However, calibration analyses, which quantify a number of properties of the relationship between subjective and overt performance, revealed that the correlation between confidence and performance (calibration), the ability to differentiate correct from incorrect judgments (resolution), and validity of subjective 'certainty', were all unaffected by SD. Hence, in the absence of external feedback from the environment, people have access to fairly reliable internal feedback about their performance during periods of sustained and vigilant cognitive activity.
Sleep
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Using Italian data on standardized test scores, we show that the substantial heterogeneity in how performance changes with the position of questions can alter the rank of individuals and classes as the length of the test increases. We examine whether decomposing test scores into initial performance and performance decline allows to separate the influence of cognitive and non-cognitive skills and find that our measure of cognitive skills – the math grade before the test – not only has a dominant influence on initial performance but also affects substantially performance decline.
Cognitive test
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A variety of factors can affect cognitive readiness and influence human performance in tasks that are mission critical. Sleep deprivation is one of the most prevalent factors that degrade performance. One risk mitigation approach is to use vocal biomarkers to detect cognitive fatigue and resulting performance decrements [1], [2]. In this study, a group of 20 subjects were deprived of sleep for a period of 24 hours. Every two hours, they performed a battery of both speech tasks and cognitive performance tasks, including the psychomotor vigilance test (PVT). Performance on the PVT declined dramatically during nighttime hours between 2 AM and 8 AM. We demonstrate that a model using vocal biomarkers from read speech and free speech can be successfully trained to detect performance decrements on the PVT. We also demonstrate that the vocal model successfully generalizes to other outcomes at a similar level as PVT, detecting sleep deprivation (AUC=0.79) and cognitive performance declines on a battery of cognitive tasks (AUC=0.79). In comparison, using PVT as the basis for detecting sleep deprivation and performance declines resulted in AUC=0.75 and AUC=0.80, respectively.Clinical Relevance—This paper provides evidence to suggest that vocal models trained to predict changes in reaction times due to sleep deprivation can generalize to detect sleep deprivation and associated performance declines on more complex cognitive tasks
Vigilance (psychology)
Psychomotor vigilance task
Elementary cognitive task
Cognitive test
Sleep
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Abstract Objectives We aimed to explore the relationship between objective cognitive functioning and work performance among Japanese workers. Methods From February to November 2019, this cross-sectional study enrolled workers aged 18–65 years from 10 companies located in a metropolitan area of Japan. We emailed invitations to participate to employees of companies that had agreed to cooperate with the study. We measured work performance with the question, “How would you rate your performance (compared with your optimum performance) over the past 4 weeks?” Responses were made via a visual analog scale (range: 0–100). Cognitive functioning was assessed using the THINC-integrated tool (THINC-it®). THINC-it® is a brief, objective computerized cognitive assessment battery. Associations between work performance and cognitive functioning tests were examined using logistic regression analysis. Results In total, 353 individuals provided e-consent to participate, of whom 276 were included in the analysis (after omitting those with missing values). The median work performance was used to divide participants into high- (scoring ≥ 80%) and low- (scoring < 80%) performing groups. The P-values for trends indicated that association between cognitive domains, such as attention, executive functioning and working memory was significant (P < .05). Work performance was significantly associated with cognitive function for the two tests that assess attention, executive functioning, and working memory in general workers. Conclusions Our results suggest that objective cognitive functioning may be related to work performance. Longitudinal investigations may allow for the establishment of causality.
Cognitive skill
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Research on the acute effects of exercise on cognitive performance by older adults is limited by a focus on nonhealthy populations. Furthermore, the duration of cognitive improvements after exercise has not been examined. Thus, this study was designed to test the immediate and delayed effects of acute exercise on cognitive performance of healthy older adults. Cognitive performance was assessed using the Stroop task. Participants were randomly assigned to an exercise (20 min of walking) or control (sitting quietly) condition. The Stroop task was administered at baseline and at 12 time points after treatment. Acute exercise resulted in better Stroop test performance immediately postexercise; however, the effects were limited to the color test. No effects of exercise on performance were observed for the Stroop interference or inhibition tests. Findings suggest that acute exercise performed by healthy older adults has short-term benefits for speed of processing but does not affect other types of cognitive functioning.
Stroop effect
Affect
Sitting
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It has been suggested that acute exercise improves cognitive function. Recent studies indicated that cognitive function improves during exercise under moderate hypoxia. However, it is unclear how cognitive function and affective states are influenced after exercise under severe hypoxia. PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to determine cognitive function and affective states following exercise under normoxia and severe hypoxia. METHODS: The participants performed cognitive tasks at rest (pre) and after exercise (post) under normoxia and severe hypoxia (FIO2=0.12). The participants cycled an ergometer at 30% peak VO2 for 5 min as a warm-up exercise, and then cycled at 50% peak VO2 for 15 min in the respective conditions. We used a Stroop task where executive function is required. Executive function was assessed by reaction time (RT) and accuracy of the task. Stroop-interference was calculated by subtracting RT in the neutral trial from that in the incongruent trial. The Mood Check List-short form 2 (MCL-S.2) was used to assess affective states. We measured blood flow velocity in the middle cerebral artery (MCAv) using transcranial Doppler ultrasonography during the cognitive tasks at rest and after exercise. RESULTS: We observed no differences in accuracy of the task between at rest and after exercise in both conditions. The Stroop-interference was not altered after exercise in hypoxia condition (pre: -2.1 ± 27.6, post: -3.6 ± 24.4 ms), while the Stroop-interference significantly increased after exercise in the normoxic condition (pre: 9.0 ± 39.6, post: 79.9 ± 29.1 ms, p < 0.001). MCAv tended to increase after exercise relative to rest in the hypoxic condition (pre: 48.2 ± 12.7, post: 50.8 ± 16.8 cm/s, P = 0.07). In contrast, we observed no differences in MCAv between pre and post in the normoxic condition (pre: 47.5 ± 12.8, post: 40.2 ± 12.5 cm/s). The results of MCL-S.2 indicated that anxiety significantly decreased in the hypoxic condition (pre: -8.2 ± 2.3, post: -11.4 ± 1.3, P = 0.02). However, anxiety was not affected in the normoxic condition (pre: -10.6 ± -2.19, post: -10.6 ± 2.6). CONCLUSIONS: These results suggest that the absence of impairments in executive function and improved anxiety in the hypoxic condition may be, at least in part, due to an increase in cerebral blood flow following exercise under severe hypoxia.
Stroop effect
Hypoxia
Elementary cognitive task
Exercise intensity
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Stimulating as well as detrimental effects of exercise on cognitive functioning have been reported. In the present study, 15 endurance-trained athletes (aged 18 to 42 years) performed a bicycle ergometer endurance test at 75% of their maximal work capacity (Wmax). Psychomotor and cognitive tests were administered before and immediately after exercise. These consisted of simple reaction time (RT), 3-choice RT and Stimulus-Response (S-R) incompatible RT tasks, a finger-tapping task, and the Stroop test. Simple RT tasks, but also the more complex S-R in compatible RT, and Color Word Interference in the Stroop test showed an increase in speed of performance after exercise relative to baseline. An enhanced activation was probably responsible for this better performance on psychomotor and cognitive tests. Since performance on the most complex task, the Interference subtest of the Stroop, was especially improved after exercise, the expectancy of the subjects of a potential positive effect of exercise was thought to have been responsible.
Stroop effect
Elementary cognitive task
Physical exercise
Finger tapping
Cognitive test
Stimulus (psychology)
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