International Society of Sports Nutrition Position Stand: Effects of essential amino acid supplementation on exercise and performance
Arny A. FerrandoRobert R. WolfeKatie R. HirschDavid D. ChurchShiloah A. KviatkovskyMichael D. RobertsJeffrey R. StoutDrew E. GonzalezRyan SowinskiRichard B. KreiderChad M. KerksickNicholas A. BurdStefan M. PasiakosMichael J. OrmsbeeShawn M. ArentPaul J. ArcieroBill CampbellTrisha A. VanDusseldorpRalf JägerDarryn S. WilloughbyDouglas KalmanJosé António
17
Citation
124
Reference
10
Related Paper
Citation Trend
Abstract:
Position Statement: The International Society of Sports Nutrition (ISSN) presents this position based on a critical examination of literature surrounding the effects of essential amino acid (EAA) supplementation on skeletal muscle maintenance and performance. This position stand is intended to provide a scientific foundation to athletes, dietitians, trainers, and other practitioners as to the benefits of supplemental EAA in both healthy and resistant (aging/clinical) populations. EAAs are crucial components of protein intake in humans, as the body cannot synthesize them. The daily recommended intake (DRI) for protein was established to prevent deficiencies due to inadequate EAA consumption. The following conclusions represent the official position of the Society: 1. Initial studies on EAAs' effects on skeletal muscle highlight their primary role in stimulating muscle protein synthesis (MPS) and turnover. Protein turnover is critical for replacing degraded or damaged muscle proteins, laying the metabolic foundation for enhanced functional performance. Consequently, research has shifted to examine the effects of EAA supplementation – with and without the benefits of exercise – on skeletal muscle maintenance and performance. 2. Supplementation with free-form EAAs leads to a quick rise in peripheral EAA concentrations, which in turn stimulates MPS. 3. The safe upper limit of EAA intake (amount), without inborn metabolic disease, can easily accommodate additional supplementation. 4. At rest, stimulation of MPS occurs at relatively small dosages (1.5–3.0 g) and seems to plateau at around 15–18 g. 5. The MPS stimulation by EAAs does not require non-essential amino acids. 6. Free-form EAA ingestion stimulates MPS more than an equivalent amount of intact protein. 7. Repeated EAA-induced MPS stimulation throughout the day does not diminish the anabolic effect of meal intake. 8. Although direct comparisons of various formulas have yet to be investigated, aging requires a greater proportion of leucine to overcome the reduced muscle sensitivity known as "anabolic resistance." 9. Without exercise, EAA supplementation can enhance functional outcomes in anabolic-resistant populations. 10. EAA requirements rise in the face of caloric deficits. During caloric deficit, it's essential to meet whole-body EAA requirements to preserve anabolic sensitivity in skeletal muscle.Keywords:
Clinical nutrition
Sports nutrition
Position statement
The optimal enhancement of athletic performance, recovery from exhaustion after exercise, and injury prevention are products of appropriate nutrition. Nutritional supplements that contain proteins, carbohydrates, vitamins, and minerals are frequently utilized in various sports to complement the recommended daily amounts. Several of these supplements have been identified to have physiological effects and, thus, are known to help enhance athletic performance and prevent injuries. Our review intends to show the interplay between nutrition, exercise, and dietary intervention on the physical performance of athletic individuals and their importance for the general well-being of non-athletes. Ergogenic aids that help enhance athletic performance are also discussed.
Sports nutrition
Performance enhancement
Cite
Citations (3)
2369 PURPOSE: The purpose of this survey was to determine the nutritional knowledge, beliefs, and practices of collegiate athletes and to assess the need for a sports nutritionist at a Division I university in the Southeast. METHODS: A selfadministered anonymous nutrition survey was completed by 243 division I college athletes. Questions addressed sources of nutrition information, nutrition knowledge, and nutrition and weight management practices. Differences between genders and those who had received nutritional information were detected using chi-square tests and t-tests. RESULTS: Less than 40% of athletes surveyed reported receiving nutritional information before college. A potentially reputable source was chosen, by over 60% of both males and females, as the individual who had taught them the most about nutritionFinearly 99% of the athletes were found to have poor nutrition knowledge. Traditional nutrition plans were highly prevalent (over 68%). The majority of athletes reported consuming less than 3 servings of fruits or vegetables per day and 40% of female athletes reported consuming less than 2000 calories/day. Over 70% of female athletes reported they were currently trying to lose weight, while most male athletes were interested in weight gain or weight maintenance. Female athletes were more likely to report that a coach and/or trainer had suggested they lose weight. CONCLUSIONS: Despite the fact that most athletes report receiving nutritional information after starting college, athlete's current nutrition knowledge and practices are suboptimal. Additionally, athletes are engaging in troublesome and potentially harmful weight management practices (i.e. increased protein intake, skipping meals, supplement usage). Athletes recognize the role of good nutrition and are interested in learning more about proper sports nutrition. Coaches, athletic trainers, and team physicians, with proper training and resources, can work together with a sports nutritionist to ensure that collegiate athletes adopt more healthy and effective nutritional practices.
Nutritionist
Sports nutrition
Nutrition Education
Calorie
Trainer
Cite
Citations (1)
View addendum:International Society of Sports Nutrition position stand: Nutrient timingInternational Society of Sports Nutrition position stand: Nutrient timing
Clinical nutrition
Sports nutrition
Sports medicine
Lipidology
Cite
Citations (14)
Background Maintaining energy balance by consuming the required distribution of macronutrients (nutritional status) is important to support performance and health in collegiate athletes; however, less than 10% of NCAA athletes possess adequate sports nutrition knowledge or maintain nutritional status (Torres-McGehee et al., 2012). A recent study demonstrated that a sports nutrition education intervention (SNEI) improved nutritional knowledge and nutritional status in Division I volleyball players. This study investigated the effects of an SNEI on nutritional status, knowledge, body composition, and performance in NCAA Division I baseball players.
Clinical nutrition
Sports nutrition
Sports medicine
Nutrition Education
Cite
Citations (15)
Sports nutrition is the one that, in addition to satisfying the energy and nutri-tional needs of the athlete, will provide him or her with good health, the effectiveness of sports performances, but also good recovery after training or competition and prevent injuries. Sports nutrition should be well organized and planned, varied, and the emphasis is on meeting the greater energy and nutritional needs of athletes. These increased needs for energy and nutrient intake are not significantly higher and can be met with a proper and varied nutrition. Athletes should be enabled and encouraged to have a proper, varied and well-planned diet in order to withstand daily training. This means that they need nutritious and regular meals.
Sports nutrition
Cite
Citations (2)
Position Statement: The International Society of Sports Nutrition (ISSN) presents this position based on a critical examination of literature surrounding the effects of essential amino acid (EAA) supplementation on skeletal muscle maintenance and performance. This position stand is intended to provide a scientific foundation to athletes, dietitians, trainers, and other practitioners as to the benefits of supplemental EAA in both healthy and resistant (aging/clinical) populations. EAAs are crucial components of protein intake in humans, as the body cannot synthesize them. The daily recommended intake (DRI) for protein was established to prevent deficiencies due to inadequate EAA consumption. The following conclusions represent the official position of the Society: 1. Initial studies on EAAs' effects on skeletal muscle highlight their primary role in stimulating muscle protein synthesis (MPS) and turnover. Protein turnover is critical for replacing degraded or damaged muscle proteins, laying the metabolic foundation for enhanced functional performance. Consequently, research has shifted to examine the effects of EAA supplementation – with and without the benefits of exercise – on skeletal muscle maintenance and performance. 2. Supplementation with free-form EAAs leads to a quick rise in peripheral EAA concentrations, which in turn stimulates MPS. 3. The safe upper limit of EAA intake (amount), without inborn metabolic disease, can easily accommodate additional supplementation. 4. At rest, stimulation of MPS occurs at relatively small dosages (1.5–3.0 g) and seems to plateau at around 15–18 g. 5. The MPS stimulation by EAAs does not require non-essential amino acids. 6. Free-form EAA ingestion stimulates MPS more than an equivalent amount of intact protein. 7. Repeated EAA-induced MPS stimulation throughout the day does not diminish the anabolic effect of meal intake. 8. Although direct comparisons of various formulas have yet to be investigated, aging requires a greater proportion of leucine to overcome the reduced muscle sensitivity known as "anabolic resistance." 9. Without exercise, EAA supplementation can enhance functional outcomes in anabolic-resistant populations. 10. EAA requirements rise in the face of caloric deficits. During caloric deficit, it's essential to meet whole-body EAA requirements to preserve anabolic sensitivity in skeletal muscle.
Clinical nutrition
Sports nutrition
Position statement
Cite
Citations (17)
Introduction: Sports nutrition is essential to improve exercise performance and maintain healthy body composition. However, the knowledge of balanced nutrition often being neglected by student-athletes and coaches. Aims: This study aimed to investigate sports nutrition knowledge across gender and level of participation. Materials and Methods: The participants were 178 university student-athletes (96 males and 82 females) actively competing in various individual and team sports. The student-athletes completed a sports nutrition knowledge survey to determine the adequate score (mean >75%). Results: The overall sports nutrition knowledge was inadequate (61.6% ± 13.1%), specifically only 29 student-athletes who obtained >75% or higher. Male student-athletes score slightly higher than females (62.4% vs 61.6% score), respectively. However, there is no significant difference between gender and level of participation ( P > 0.05). There was no significant difference between the level of participation ( P > 0.05). Conclusions: There was inadequate sports nutritional knowledge among student-athletes regardless of gender and level of participation. The intervention to enhance sports nutritional knowledge and a balanced diet is important for health and optimal athletic performance. Future studies are needed to examine athletes' behaviour and nutritional intake before training or competition.
Sports nutrition
Cite
Citations (0)
2369 PURPOSE: The purpose of this survey was to determine the nutritional knowledge, beliefs, and practices of collegiate athletes and to assess the need for a sports nutritionist at a Division I university in the Southeast. METHODS: A selfadministered anonymous nutrition survey was completed by 243 division I college athletes. Questions addressed sources of nutrition information, nutrition knowledge, and nutrition and weight management practices. Differences between genders and those who had received nutritional information were detected using chi-square tests and t-tests. RESULTS: Less than 40% of athletes surveyed reported receiving nutritional information before college. A potentially reputable source was chosen, by over 60% of both males and females, as the individual who had taught them the most about nutritionFinearly 99% of the athletes were found to have poor nutrition knowledge. Traditional nutrition plans were highly prevalent (over 68%). The majority of athletes reported consuming less than 3 servings of fruits or vegetables per day and 40% of female athletes reported consuming less than 2000 calories/day. Over 70% of female athletes reported they were currently trying to lose weight, while most male athletes were interested in weight gain or weight maintenance. Female athletes were more likely to report that a coach and/or trainer had suggested they lose weight. CONCLUSIONS: Despite the fact that most athletes report receiving nutritional information after starting college, athlete's current nutrition knowledge and practices are suboptimal. Additionally, athletes are engaging in troublesome and potentially harmful weight management practices (i.e. increased protein intake, skipping meals, supplement usage). Athletes recognize the role of good nutrition and are interested in learning more about proper sports nutrition. Coaches, athletic trainers, and team physicians, with proper training and resources, can work together with a sports nutritionist to ensure that collegiate athletes adopt more healthy and effective nutritional practices.
Nutritionist
Sports nutrition
Nutrition Education
Calorie
Trainer
Cite
Citations (3)
Position statement The International Society of Sports Nutrition (ISSN) provides an objective and critical review of the use of a ketogenic diet in healthy exercising adults, with a focus on exercise performance and body composition. However, this review does not address the use of exogenous ketone supplements. The following points summarize the position of the ISSN:
Clinical nutrition
Position statement
Ketogenic Diet
Sports medicine
Sports nutrition
Position (finance)
Cite
Citations (2)
Background The tool kits of bibliometrics and science mapping provide a standard methodology to map the knowledge base of specific fields of science. The aim of the present research is the analysis of the recent international trends of sport nutrition science, as well as the primary identification of the research topics and results of sport nutrition science via enhanced bibliometric methods for the 2000–2018 time period.Methods Altogether, 3889 publications were included in this study. We identified the most relevant sport nutrition topics by running a community detection algorithm on the proximity network constructed via network text analysis. The key issues and key concepts of sport nutrition topics as well as their relations were evaluated via network analysis. Besides, we carried a chronological analysis of topics out and a scientometric evaluative analysis was also created.Results We identified the four main basic groups from which the 18 most characteristics topics were analyzed. The 18 topics are the following: 'soccer and physiology', 'carbohydrate metabolism', 'muscle physiology: alkalosis and acidosis', 'muscle mass gain and dietary supplementation', 'fluid balance and hydration', 'dietary intake and nutrition knowledge', 'determination of energy need of athletes', 'bone health and female athlete triad', 'hydration strategy', 'body weight management', 'nutritional strategies and human skeletal muscle', 'dietary supplementation of nitrates', 'oxidative stress and dietary supplement use', 'dietary supplement use and doping', 'oxidative stress and inflammation and dietary antioxidants', 'exercise adaptation and nutritional strategies', 'gut microbiota', 'celiac disease'. Regarding the size of the topic, researches on sport nutrition science have put the focus on the following three groups: 'muscle mass gain and dietary supplementation', 'carbohydrate metabolism', 'oxidative stress and dietary supplement use'. The greatest scientific impact can be ascribed to the following topics: 'nutritional strategies and human skeletal muscle', 'dietary supplementation of nitrates', 'body weight management', and 'gut microbiota'.Conclusions Scientific output on sport nutrition has continuously been rising between 2000 and 2018. The ratio of topics related to sport nutrition but predominantly connected to basic research has decreased significantly within all publications. The results of this study confirm the role of science mapping in the identification of specific research topics and primary research directions in the field of sport nutrition science.
Clinical nutrition
Sports nutrition
Sports medicine
Sports Science
Cite
Citations (19)