Polydiacetylene/Zn2+/ZnO nanocomposites for colorimetric detection of cationic surfactants: Effects of ZnO ratios, solvents, and stimuli structures
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Cationic polymerization
Polydiacetylenes
Abstract Because of the lack of effective alkylating reagents, alkyl etherification of olefins with general alkyl groups has not been previously reported. In this work, a variety of alkyl diacyl peroxides and peresters generated from aliphatic acids have been found to enable the first iron‐catalyzed alkyl etherification of olefins with general alkyl groups. Primary, secondary and tertiary aliphatic acids are suitable for this reaction, delivering products with yields up to 97 %. Primary and secondary alcohols react well, affording products in up to 91 % yield.
Primary (astronomy)
Beta-Hydride elimination
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In order to enhance the third-order nonlinear optical susceptibilities (χ (3) s ) of polydiacetylenes, polydiacetylenes with π-conjugation between polymer backbone and acetylenic substituents were synthesized. In the case of hexatriyne monomer, solid-state polymerization proceeded via 1, 4-addition to give polydiacetylene with directly bound ethynyl substituents. Also 1, 4-addition polymerization took place in the case of octatetrayne and dodecahexayne monomers and gave polydiacetylenes with butadiynyl and octatetraynyl substituents, respectively. These butadiynyl and octatetraynyl moieties of the latter two polymers could thermally be polymerized furthermore. Especially, in the case of dodecahexayne, formation of an interesting ladder polymer with π-conjugation between two polydiacetylene backbones were confirmed by the solid-state NMR. The effective χ (3) (−3ω; ω, ω, ω) value in three-photon resonant region of the π-conjugation system of polydiacetylenes with butadiynyl substituents was elucidated to be about 10 −9 esu. The ratio of χ (3) to absorption at the THG wavelength in near-resonant region was found to be larger than that in resonant region. Aiming at obtaining sharp excitonic absorption of polydiacetylenes, polydiacetylene microcrystals with controlled molecular weight distribution, i.e., uniform electronic structure in the polymer backbones, were also examined.
Polydiacetylenes
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Polydiacetylenes
Diacetylene
Thermochromism
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Polydiacetylenes
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Many aspects of the preparation and properties of polydiacetylenes are the subject of lively debate. This review presents recent results that bear on some of these controversies. First the relationship of diacetylene monomer crystal structure and solid-state reactivity is discussed. Secondly the temporal evolution of solvato-chromic transitions of soluble polydiacetylenes is displayed. Optical and Raman spectra reveal the occurrence of an intermediate form of the polymer. A model compatible with these results is described.
Polydiacetylenes
Diacetylene
Reactivity
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Cationic polymerization
Polydiacetylenes
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Polydiacetylenes are conjugated polymers which can be obtained as macroscopic single crystals of high perfection. With these samples a detailed picture of the electronic states of the extended polymer chains has been built up. The conjugated chains have a large third-order hyperpolarisibility and, hence, potential for application in non-linear optical devices. A brief review of these properties of polydiacetylenes is presented. Recent studies of the non-linear optical properties of mixed crystals by electric field induced second harmonic (EFISH) generation are described. SHG signals observed after removal of the applied field are used to follow the decay of trapped charge. These results are compared with direct measurements of photocurrent decay in polydiacetylenes.
Polydiacetylenes
Photocurrent
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The complex morphology of most conjugated polymers prevents direct measurement, and hinders understanding, of their intrinsic properties. Such problems do not occur for the polydiacetylenes, which can be prepared as macroscopic single crystals. Since polydiacetylenes can also be obtained in less perfect forms the effects of disorder can be studied. Spectroscopic techniques have been widely used to study the intrinsic properties of polydiacetylenes and their modification by disorder. The results obtained by optical and electron spin resonance spectroscopy are discussed.
Polydiacetylenes
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Polydiacetylenes (PDAs) are of great interest due to their π-conjugated backbone related properties, such as linear and nonlinear optical properties. As a consequence, design and preparation of PDAs assume enormous importance today. This review deals with one aspect of PDA, that is, design and preparation of the diacetylene monomers and their polymers, PDAs having conjugated side groups. The aim of such an investigation is to produce materials which exhibit large third-order nonlinear optical susceptibilities and which consequently, can be obtained in a form to be customised for optical devices.
Polydiacetylenes
Diacetylene
Optical materials
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Abstract Because of the lack of effective alkylating reagents, alkyl etherification of olefins with general alkyl groups has not been previously reported. In this work, a variety of alkyl diacyl peroxides and peresters generated from aliphatic acids have been found to enable the first iron‐catalyzed alkyl etherification of olefins with general alkyl groups. Primary, secondary and tertiary aliphatic acids are suitable for this reaction, delivering products with yields up to 97 %. Primary and secondary alcohols react well, affording products in up to 91 % yield.
Primary (astronomy)
Beta-Hydride elimination
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Citations (115)