The role of CcPTGS2a in immune response against Aeromonas hydrophila infection in common carp (Cyprinus carpio)
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Common carp
We attempted to determine the combining ability and heterosis of body weight by performing 3 × 3 complete diallel crosses derived by crossing three common carps ( Cyprinus carpio var. jian, Cyprinus carpio haematopterus Temminck et Schlegel and Cyprinus carpio haematopterus). In total, 1650 fish were tagged when they were 1.5 months of age. After five months, Jian carp (♂) × Huanghe carp (♀) attained greater weight than pure and other hybrids. By crossing with Jian, Huanghe and Heilongjiang carps have improved body weight compared to their purebred. Significant principal components (PCs) were generated from growth performance data and their statistical loadings. The first principal component had the highest Eigen value of 2.81 and accounted for 70.31% of the variability in the data set. Two crosses, Jian carp (♂) × Huanghe carp (♀) and Huanghe carp (♂) × Jian carp (♀) showed high SCA with regard to body weight. Both Heilongjiang carp (♂) × Jian carp (♀) and Heilongjiang carp (♂) × Huanghe carp (♀) had higher heterosis compared to their purebreds. Significant positive phenotypic correlations were also observed between body weight and body length, thickness and height. The aforementioned results listed were identified as the foundation for common carp selective breeding programs. Keywords : Common carp, cross-breeding, heterosis African Journal of Biotechnology Vol. 12(22), pp. 3514-3521
Common carp
Purebred
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Common carp (Cyprinus carpio) is one of the most important cultured fish in the world aquaculture industry. The aim of this study was to determine the phenotypic parameters of some body measurements in common carp (Cyprinus carpio L., 1758) reared in pools in Kirkuk province of Iraq. In this study, the means of body weight (BW), total length (TL), body depth (BD) and fork length (FL) in common carps were determined as, 2.097±0.034, 45.820±0.242, 14.446±0.240 and 38.040±0.210 for male and 2.050±0.033, 45.850±0.277, 14.120±0.154 and 37.960±0.227 for female (P>0.05), respectively. Besides, condition factor (K) was determined as 2.1829±0.0338 for male and 2.1383±0.0409 for females (P>0.05), respectively.
Common carp
Fish measurement
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The susceptibility of carp Cyprinus carpio to koi herpesvirus (KHV) was examined by experimental infections. Larvae of two strains of common carp were exposed to KHV by immersing the fish in water containing the virus at a dose of 101.6TCID50/mL measured using KF-1 cells. No mortality by KHV disease was observed among any larvae (average TL: 7.5 and 8.7 mm). On the other hand, high mortalities (69% and 100%) were observed in common carp juveniles (TL: 13.8 and 29.2 mm). Koi carp larvae (TL: 6.9 mm) were challenged in the same experimental conditions as described above, in which no larva died. Two months later, the same fish (TL: 48.2 mm) were exposed to the virus again. This time, all fish died of KHV. These results suggest that carp larvae are not susceptible to KHV, and that they become susceptible as they grow up.
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In order to study the immune adjuvant effect of A_(3α)-peptidoglycan on fishes infected with Aeromonas hydrophila,Carassius auratus var.pengze was inoculated with formalin-inactivated A.hydrophila and fed with a diet supplemented with appropriate amount of A_(3α)-peptidoglycan.Immunoenhancement action of A_(3α)-peptidoglycan was observed by determining lysozyme activity,phagocytic activity,agglutinating antibody titer and immunological protection rate after challenge with live A.hydrophila.Results showed that A_(3α)-peptidoglycan could be used as an ideal adjuvant,which enhances immune response of fishes to the vaccine.
Immunostimulant
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To assess strain related differences in growth performance and growth patterns under the same culture environment, four strains of common carp, two each of the scale carp, Cyprinus carpio var. communis (Chinese big-belly carp and long bodied carp) and mirror carp, C. carpio var. specularis (scattered carp and linear carp) were communally stocked in three fertilized earthen ponds of 0.14 ha each at 5,000 fish ha−1 in the ratio of 1:1:1:1 during an 11-month (February to December) culture cycle. Chinese big-belly carp grew larger than other groups, among which there were no significant differences. Scale carp strains performed relatively better than mirror carp at higher temperatures and then essentially stopped growing as temperatures declined into winter. The strains of mirror carp, on the other hand continued growing well later into the cold season.
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As a part of serial study for comparing lipid components in freshwater fishes, this work was undertaken to compare the lipid components among wild and cultured carp, Cyprinus carpio, and Israeli carp, Cyprinus carpio nudus. The lipid components of cultured carp were analyzed and compared with those of wild and Israeli carp. In the content of total lipid, the lipid content in cultured carp was slightly lower than that in wild one, but similar to that in Israeli carp. The lipid contents in viscera of wild and cultured carp were 2 times higher than those in edible portion, but the lipid content in viscera of Israeli carp showed a similar trend to that in edible portion. In the fatty acid composition of neutral lipid in edible portion, percentages of in cultured carp wire higher than those in wild one, while percentages of lower, and percentage of in Israeli carp was noticeably higher than that in wild and cultured carp. In the case of phospholipid in edible portion, percentages of in cultured carp were higher than those in wild one, while percentages of lower. The unsaturation (TUFA/TSFA) of neutral lipid in cultured carp was slightly higher than that in wild one, but slightly lower than that in Israeli carp. In the case of phospholipid, the unsaturation showed a similar trend to that of neutral lipid. The essential fatty acid content(TEFA) of neutral lipid in edible portion of cultured carp was higher than that of wild one, but that in viscera lower. In the case of phospholipid in edible portion, the essential fatty acid content in Israeli carp was slightly higher than that in wild and cultured carp, and that in wild one was higher than that in cultured one. The w3 highly unsaturated fatty acid contents(w3 HUFA) of neutral lipid almost showed a similar trend to the essential fatty acid contents in wild and cultured carp, and Israeli carp. In the case of phospholipid, the w3 HUFA in Israeli carp was considerably higher than those in cultured and wild carp. In the ratio (A/C) of fatty acid content(A) in cultured carp to that(C) in diet, the A/C ratios of were much lower and in the ratio (B/C) of fatty acid content (B) in Israeli carp, the B/C ratios of were also lower than the other fatty acid. Consequently, it is considered that the ratios of w3 HUFA is related to the biosynthesis of polyenoic acid and growth rates of cultured and Israeli carp.
Common carp
Degree of unsaturation
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Abstract The growth rate of small (10-25 g), intact (i.e., not hypophysectomized) common carp (Cyprinus carpio) held at 35°C was enhanced by injections of pituitary material obtained from adult carp. Percentage increase over initial length and weight was dose-dependent by 4 weeks after the first injection. The dose-response curve for length increase due to the pituitary material was parallel to the curve demonstrated for injections of bovine growth hormone (bGH). The potency of bGH (determined in a previous study) was from 5.0 to 5.4 times greater per unit weight than the potency of the pituitary material. Condition factor of all fish increased slightly; the greatest increase was apparent among fish receiving the two lowest dosages and the least increase was noted among the control fish.
Common carp
Dose
Bovine somatotropin
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A wrap method adaptation combined with AutoCAD2005 and Scion Image for Windows were used to determine the surface area of a fish. Compared with the corresponding r2 and F of many models, the most accurate formula: S = 752.15W0.675 (r2 = 0.999, F = 18362.94, P < 0.0001) for estimating the surface area of common carp was obtained. Similarly, the fin formula: S = 1834.12W0.708 (r2 = 0.992, F = 2690.47, P < 0.0001) was also obtained for the same purpose. It was proven that these two formulae gave good estimates of surface and fin areas of four strains of common carp: Yellow-river carp, fancy carp, mirror carp and Xingguo red carp.
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This investigation was carried out to utilize common vetch Vicia sativa in formulating diets for 84 common carp Cyprinus carpio L. with initial weight 28±2g/fish were distributed randomly over seven experimental diets with three replications for each. The fish fed experimental diets for 56 days contained 30% and 45% of common vetch Vicia sativa of total diets which treated with germinated for 5 days (diet 2 and 3), 7 days (diet 4 and 5) and the last diets contained crude vetch (diet 6 and 7). The statistical analysis of data showed that the fish fed at diet 3 was significantly different (P≤0.05) compared to fish fed at another diets in total weight, total weight gain, relative growth rate, specific growth rate and feed conversion ratio. It is in conclusion germinated common vetch seed can be successfully used as an inexpensive plant protein source at level of 45% (germinated seed for 5 days) in common carp diets without adverse effect on fish performance.
Vicia sativa
Common carp
Vicia
Grass carp
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At the end of October 2018, a mass fish mortality occurred in Iraq, involving thousands of tons of cultured and wild common carp (Cyprinus carpio) along Euphrates and Tigris rivers. Fish were found dead or moribund along rivers coasts, showing lethargy, dyspnoea and flared gills. At necropsy, discoloration patches were noticed on the gills. Wet preparations showed rare metacercariae and Dactylogyrus spp. Samples were subjected to bacteriological tests and virological investigation through real-time PCR and nested PCR. Both were positive for koi herpesvirus (KHV) and carp oedema virus. Results obtained were confirmed by the OIE reference laboratory of KHV disease (KHVD) at Cefas (UK) and by sequence analysis. This is the first report on the detection of both viruses in Iraq.
Common carp
Lethargy
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