Whistle repertoire and structure reflect ecotype distinction of pantropical spotted dolphins in the Eastern Tropical Pacific
Manali Rege‐ColtJulie N. OswaldJoëlle De WeerdtJosé David Palacios-AlfaroMaia AustinEmma GagneJacqueline Maythé Morán VillatoroCatherine T. SahleyGilma Alvarado-GuerraLaura J. May‐Collado
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Abstract:
The pantropical spotted dolphin in the Eastern Tropical Pacific (ETP) is found in two genetically and phenotypically diverged ecotypes, coastal and offshore. These habitats have distinct acoustic characteristics, which can lead to the evolution of distinct acoustic communication. Whistles are sounds widely used by dolphins to mediate species and individual recognition and social interactions. Here, we study the whistle acoustic structure and repertoire diversity of offshore and coastal pantropical spotted dolphins. Our results show that there is significantly more within- and across-group variation in whistle fundamental frequency between ecotypes than between offshore groups and between coastal groups. A Random Forest classification analysis performed with an accuracy of 83.99% and identified duration, peak and minimum frequency as the most informative variables for distinguishing between ecotypes. Overall, coastal spotted dolphins produced significantly shorter whistles that were significantly lower in frequency (peak, minimum and maximum, and start and end) than offshore dolphins. Ecotypes produced whistle repertoires that were similar in diversity, but different in contour composition, with the coastal ecotype producing more upsweep whistles than offshore dolphins. The results of this study suggest that acoustic adaptations to coastal and offshore environments could be important contributors to intraspecific variation of dolphin whistle repertoires.Keywords:
Ecotype
Pantropical
Variation (astronomy)
Ecotype
Cape verde
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There are 1480 species in 704 genera of 215 families,which are vascular plants,in flora of Qingshitan Nature Reserve of Guangxi.And,there are 762 species for woody vascular plants,146 species for vines,572 species for herbs.The geographical distribution takes the pantropical element as the maincom ponent and there are 140 genera for pantropical element and its two varities;the minor component is tropical Asia(India-Malaysia)and its varities,which enjoys more south subtropical components comparing with other floras in Northern Guangxi.
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Flora
Tropical Asia
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Abstract Gyalideopsis cochlerifer Lücking & Sérus. sp. nov. is a new, pantropical, commensalistic species restricted to foliicolous representatives of certain genera in the Gomphillaceae . It produces black spathulate hyphophores and small black apothecia.
Pantropical
Ascocarp
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Allometric equation for predicting aboveground biomass of three tree species. Allometric equations, which predict the aboveground dry biomass of a tree from its diameter and/or height, are needed to estimate carbon stocks in forests. Although pantropical multispecies biomass equations have been developed for tropical rain forests, very few tree o `o. biomass measurements are available for central Africa, and none of these measurements were used to fit the pantropical equations. We measured the biomass of 12 trees belonging to three species at Yangambi in the Democratic Republic of Cong . Using these data, we developed a site-specific biomass equation and checked whether the pantropical equations were consistent with it. The pantropical equations were within the 95% confidence interval of the fitted site-specific equation, but with a bias for measurements that ranged from 26 to 32%. Although the pantropical biomass equations were consistent with the biomass measurements at Yangambi, larger data sets (including larger trees and more species) and more precise estimate of the wood specific gravity would be required to confirm the result. (Resume d'auteur)
Pantropical
Tree Allometry
Allometry
Tree (set theory)
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The pantropical spotted dolphin in the Eastern Tropical Pacific (ETP) is found in two genetically and phenotypically diverged ecotypes, coastal and offshore. These habitats have distinct acoustic characteristics, which can lead to the evolution of distinct acoustic communication. Whistles are sounds widely used by dolphins to mediate species and individual recognition and social interactions. Here, we study the whistle acoustic structure and repertoire diversity of offshore and coastal pantropical spotted dolphins. Our results show that there is significantly more within- and across-group variation in whistle fundamental frequency between ecotypes than between offshore groups and between coastal groups. A Random Forest classification analysis performed with an accuracy of 83.99% and identified duration, peak and minimum frequency as the most informative variables for distinguishing between ecotypes. Overall, coastal spotted dolphins produced significantly shorter whistles that were significantly lower in frequency (peak, minimum and maximum, and start and end) than offshore dolphins. Ecotypes produced whistle repertoires that were similar in diversity, but different in contour composition, with the coastal ecotype producing more upsweep whistles than offshore dolphins. The results of this study suggest that acoustic adaptations to coastal and offshore environments could be important contributors to intraspecific variation of dolphin whistle repertoires.
Ecotype
Pantropical
Variation (astronomy)
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Abstract Gyalideopsis cochlerifer Lücking & Sérus. sp. nov. is a new, pantropical, commensalistic species restricted to foliicolous representatives of certain genera in the Gomphillaceae . It produces black spathulate hyphophores and small black apothecia.
Pantropical
Ascocarp
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The use of suitable tree biomass allometric equations is crucial for making precise and non- destructive estimation of carbon storage and biomass energy values. The aim of this research was to evaluate the accuracy of the most commonly used pantropical allometric models and site-specific models to estimate the above-ground biomass (AGB) in different aged teak plantations of Southern Western Ghats of India. For this purpose, the AGB data measured for 70 trees with diameter >10 cm from different aged teak plantations in Kerala part of Southern Western Ghats following destructive procedure was used. The results show that site specific models based on a single predictor variable diameter at breast height (dbh), though simple, may grossly increase the uncertainty across sites. Hence, a generic model encompassing dbh, height and wood specific gravity with sufficient calibration taking into account different forest types is advised for the tropical forest systems. The study also suggests that the commonly used pantropical models should be evaluated for different ecosystems prior to their application at national or regional scales.
Pantropical
Tree Allometry
Allometry
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Seven glucosinolates in two Thellungiela salsuginea( T. salsuginea) ecotypes( ecotype Shandong and ecotype Xinjiang) were identified by ultra-performance liquid chromatography. The total content of glucosinolates in the leaves of ecotype Shandong was significantly higher than one of ecotype Xinjiang at the young vegetative stage whereas their difference became vague at the late vegetative stage.However,the content of 3MTP,I3 M,4MOI3M and 2PE in leaves of ecotype Shandong was significantly higher than one in ecotype Xinjiang at two different growth stages. The total contents of glucosinolates were similar in the roots of two T. salsuginea ecotypes,whereas the content of 3MSOP and Allyl in ecotype Shandong was significantly higher than one in ecotype Xinjiang and the content of I3 M in ecotype Xinjiang was significantly higher than the one in ecotype Shandong.
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Abstract Chimeras with green algae are reported for the first time from a lichen outside the Peltigerales , viz. the cyanophilous Lichinomycete Phyllopeltula corticola . The species is reported here to be pantropical, based on additional collections from Hawaii, Puerto Rico, Thailand and the Philippines.
Pantropical
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[Objective] To reveal the differences of tolerance and uptake characteristics of cadmium in soil between mined ecotype and non-mined plants of S.alfredii.[Method] Using pot culture,different amount of Cd were put into soil as treatment,to study the growth responses of two ecotypes plants of S.alfredii in soil with different Cd content and the change of Cd content and accumulation.[Result] The growth responses were different obviously between the two plants.The tolerance threshold of mined ecotype S.alfredii to Cd was 300 mg/kg,and the non-mined ecotype was 50 mg/kg.Maximum Cd concentrations reached 893 mg/kg in shoots and 344 mg/kg in roots of the mined ecotype plant respectively;while the maximum Cd concentration in shoots was 124 mg/kg,the root was 212 mg/kg for the non-mined ecotype plant.Cd concentration in shoots was higher than roots for the mined ecotype,whereas Cd concentration was always lower in shoots than in roots for the non-mined ecotype.The Cd accumulation in shoots of the mined ecotype reached the maximum of 151.67 μg/plant,while the non-mined ecotype reached 11.99 μg/plant.Compare the two ecotypes of S.alfredii,concentration and accumulation of Cd in shoots of the mined ecotype was obviously higher than the non-mined ecotype in same content treatment of Cd in soil.[Conclusion] Cd tolerance and accumulation of the mined ecotype of S.alfredii is remarkably more than the non-mining ecotype.The mined ecotype of S.alfredii is a Cd hyperaccumulator.
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