Estimating Changes of Forest Carbon Storage in China for 70 years (1949-2018)
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Abstract Stand level biomass carbon model is an important tool for forest resource inventory and monitoring. Developing biomass carbon models for major forest types in China not only provide a scientific basis for estimating forest carbon storage changes at national level, but also provide an important reference for estimating forest carbon storage and carbon sequestration potential at regional and global levels. In this paper, based on the measured data of 52,700 permanent plots from the 9th national forest inventory (NFI) of China, the biomass and carbon storage per hectare were firstly calculated according to the tree biomass models and carbon factors of 35 tree species groups. Then, stand level volume-derived biomass and carbon storage models were developed for 20 forest types by using the approach of simultaneous equations with error-in-variables. Secondly, based on the developed biomass and carbon models of 20 forest types, using the data of 1st to 9th NFIs of China and the area and volume data of different forest types in 1949 and 1950-1962, the forest carbon storages in different periods in the past 70 years and the carbon storages of planted forest in the past 40 years were estimated. Results showed that the determination coefficients (R2) of the developed biomass and carbon models of 20 forest types were more than 0.87, the total relative errors (TREs) were close to 0, and the mean prediction errors (MPEs) were less than 3% (less than 1% for 8 forest types). From the results of independent cross-validation, the TREs were within ±3% except one model, and the average systematic errors (ASEs) were all within ±5%. China's forest carbon storage was 5.89Pg in 1949, and decreased to the lowest level of 4.90Pg in the late 1970s. With the implementation of large-scale afforestation and key forestry programs such as natural forest protection, China's forest carbon storage gradually increased to 8.69Pg in the 9th NFI. Over the past 40 years, China's forest carbon storage has increased by 3.79Pg, of which 2.25Pg was from natural forest and 1.54Pg from planted forest. The applicability of three sets of published biomass models were tested with the data from this study, and it was found that there were large biases for all models, but the estimated results would be improved with the increase of modeling sample size. The biomass and carbon storage models of 20 forest types in China developed in this study would provide a quantitative basis for accurately estimating status and changes of forest carbon storage at national and regional levels. In the past 70 years, China's forest carbon storage has shown a U-shaped development trend. Both afforestation and natural forest protection have made great contributions to the increase of forest carbon storage in China.Keywords:
Forest Inventory
Hectare
Carbon fibers
Using plantation statistics data of the national forest inventory,biomass density-forest age models were established divided by species( group). According to the acceptance check results of the national conversing farmland to forest project,we estimated vegetation carbon sequestration and its value.
Forest Inventory
National forest
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Abstract Stand level biomass carbon model is an important tool for forest resource inventory and monitoring. Developing biomass carbon models for major forest types in China not only provide a scientific basis for estimating forest carbon storage changes at national level, but also provide an important reference for estimating forest carbon storage and carbon sequestration potential at regional and global levels. In this paper, based on the measured data of 52,700 permanent plots from the 9th national forest inventory (NFI) of China, the biomass and carbon storage per hectare were firstly calculated according to the tree biomass models and carbon factors of 35 tree species groups. Then, stand level volume-derived biomass and carbon storage models were developed for 20 forest types by using the approach of simultaneous equations with error-in-variables. Secondly, based on the developed biomass and carbon models of 20 forest types, using the data of 1st to 9th NFIs of China and the area and volume data of different forest types in 1949 and 1950-1962, the forest carbon storages in different periods in the past 70 years and the carbon storages of planted forest in the past 40 years were estimated. Results showed that the determination coefficients (R2) of the developed biomass and carbon models of 20 forest types were more than 0.87, the total relative errors (TREs) were close to 0, and the mean prediction errors (MPEs) were less than 3% (less than 1% for 8 forest types). From the results of independent cross-validation, the TREs were within ±3% except one model, and the average systematic errors (ASEs) were all within ±5%. China's forest carbon storage was 5.89Pg in 1949, and decreased to the lowest level of 4.90Pg in the late 1970s. With the implementation of large-scale afforestation and key forestry programs such as natural forest protection, China's forest carbon storage gradually increased to 8.69Pg in the 9th NFI. Over the past 40 years, China's forest carbon storage has increased by 3.79Pg, of which 2.25Pg was from natural forest and 1.54Pg from planted forest. The applicability of three sets of published biomass models were tested with the data from this study, and it was found that there were large biases for all models, but the estimated results would be improved with the increase of modeling sample size. The biomass and carbon storage models of 20 forest types in China developed in this study would provide a quantitative basis for accurately estimating status and changes of forest carbon storage at national and regional levels. In the past 70 years, China's forest carbon storage has shown a U-shaped development trend. Both afforestation and natural forest protection have made great contributions to the increase of forest carbon storage in China.
Forest Inventory
Hectare
Carbon fibers
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Mongolia’s first Multipurpose National Forest Inventory, 2014-2017, was implemented by the Forest Research and Development Centre, in collaboration with international expertise and the country’s main forestry institutions, universities and research organisations. The long-term objective of the multipurpose NFI is to promote sustainable management of forestry resources in Mongolia, to enhance their social, economic and environmental functions. The NFI findings show that there are 11.3 million hectares of Boreal Forest in Mongolia. 9.5 million hectares are Stocked Boreal Forest Area, of which 69 percent is located outside of protected areas, 4 percent are designated for green-wood utilisation through forest enterprise concessions, and another 16 percent designated for fallen dead-wood collection through forest user group concessions. The non-protected stocked forests (i.e. production forest) have an average growing stock volume of 115 m3 per hectare, compared with an optimal growing stock volume of 237 m3 per hectare, and there is an additional 46.5 m3 of dead wood per hectare. The growing stock age distribution shows that 24 m3 per hectare are over 200 years (i.e. economically over-aged). The main tree species in stocked forest are Larix sibirica (81%), Pinus sibirica (7%), Betula platyphylla (6%) and Pinus sylvestris (5%), of which all, except for P. sibirica, are classified as legally harvestable tree species. Wild fire is the current main environmental factor decreasing the forest tree biomass. The NFI helped identifying priority areas for the forestry sector, and to guide the implementation of sustainable forest management at the local level. The main forest management challenges of Mongolia’s boreal forest will be to address that they are a) under-stocked (less than 50% of production potential), b) over-aged (31% of growing stock volume in stocked production forest is above optimal production age), and c) under-utilised (4% of forest area designated to green-wood utilisation).
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Sustainable Forest Management
Stock (firearms)
Forest Inventory
Forest farming
Sustainable Management
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In this paper,the vegetation types,coverage rate,biomass,carbon storage,soil moisture and total soluble salts of new planted Populus alba L.,Populus russkii L.forest and surrounding three desert regions in Karamay were surveyed,and the impact of afforestation on vegetation biomass,the relationship among the vegetation biomass and soil moisture,total soluble salts were analyzed.The results show that,the vegetation types,coverage,total biomass,carbon storage of Populus alba L.and Populus russkii L.forest,which afforestated in desert area,were increased in multiples compared with outside original desert area;compared with Populus alba L.,Populus russkii L.were more suitable tree for planting in desert area;the relationship between biomass and the soil moisture content were positive linear correlation;it is clear that afforestation can increase the vegetation biomass and the coverage rate,and it has obvious effects on the carbon sequestration and reducing discharge,and it will play an important roll in wind-break and sand-fixing,water-soil conservation,air purifying and ecological security in desert area.
Afforestation
Desert (philosophy)
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This paper studies on Larix olgensis plantation in Dongzheleng River Forest Farm,and estimated the biomass models of Larix olgensis,carbon storage and carbon density based on stem analysis data.Based on the models developed in this paper,the biomass and the carbon storage of Larix olgensis plantation were estimated.The result reveals that total biomass,total carbon storage and carbon density are 19 538.00 t,9 958.52 t and 23.65 t/hm2 respectively,with weaker capacity and less carbon density than Chinese average forest carbon density.By scientific management,stronger carbon storage capacity will be supposed to occur in Dongzheleng River Forest Farm.
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Forest land use among farming households in Nigeria contributes adverse environment effect. The study assessed adoption and the cost implication of sustainable forest land use (agroforestry practices) among farming households in Nigeria forest reserves. A total of 300 farming households were randomly sampled using a multistage sampling technique. It was revealed that household size (p<0.01), non-farm income (p<0.01) and current farm debt (p<0.01) are main factors that exert influence on choice of agroforestry systems and consequently cost of carbon sequestration. The cost estimate of carbon sequestration among households revealed that the lowest cost of carbon sequestration was recorded from boundary planting system of agroforestry. If a total of 55 Mg C is sequestered per hectare per year, carbon would be sold as low as N1, 498.9 ≡$3.9. It was observed that planting trees haphazardly on farm plot will leave carbon sequestration cost at a range of $11.5 and $144. Likewise, hedgerow intercropping will yield a cost range of $63.5 and $38. The study therefore concludes that, boundary planting of trees around farm land provides a low cost of achieving carbon sequestration while addressing unhealthy forest land use among farming households in Nigeria.
Hectare
Intercropping
Tree planting
Agricultural land
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Based on the data from the forest inventories(CFI)in 2000and 2005,the forest biomass and net primary production(NPP)in Jiangsu Province were estimated by the variable biomass expansion factor function(BEFF)method which derived from the relationship between biomass and volume.Meanwhile, they were comparatively analyzed from age group,dominant species,and area,etc.From 2000to 2005,the total biomass increased from 67.83to 86.33million tons,and each hectare of the total NPP increased from 16.24to 20.92million tons per year;the average biomass per hectare decreased from 53.20to 41.18tons per year;and the average NPP per hectare decreased from 10.55to 9.90tons per year,indicating that the total amount of forest resources increased,while the average amount declined.This may be related to the young and mid-maturation which accounted for a large proportion in the forest net productivity.The results of the analysis carried out by the geoda0.95isoftware demonstrated that the global autocorrelation index(I)of forest biomass(stands,non-timber forests,and bamboo)was 0.264 7,and the biomass presented positive spatial autocorrelation,featuring a significant accumulation characteristics after Z test.
Hectare
Forest Inventory
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Softwood
Reforestation
Monoculture
Silviculture
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Global warming is becoming a huge problem for our mother earth due to carbon emission in the wake of modernization and urbanization. Carbon sequestration is a phenomenon for the storage of CO2 or other forms of carbon to mitigate global warming. Remote sensing becomes an effective tool formapping and monitoring of agriculture, forestry and other earth features. Agroforestry mapping is an important parameter for developmental planning at regional and national level. The present study aims at estimating area and carbon sequestration potential under agroforestry in Guna district of Madhya Pradesh. RS-2/LISS-III remote sensing data was used to identify agroforestry, forest/non-forest land uses and land covers. It was estimated that about 3.55 percent of the district area under agroforestry. Dynamic CO2 FIX model v3.1 was used to assess the baseline (2011) carbon and to estimate carbon sequestration potential (CSP) of agroforestry systems for a simulation period of 30 years in Guna district. The estimated numbers of trees existing on farmer's field was 6.40 per hectare. The baseline standing biomass in the tree components was 3.99 Mg DM ha−1 and the total biomass (tree + crop) was 9.55 Mg DM ha−1 in the district. The CSP of existing agroforestry systems for simulation period of thirty years was estimated to the tune of 0.159 Mg C ha−1 yr−1.
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Baseline (sea)
Agricultural land
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Agroforestry is an old agricultural practice which has got renewed interest during the last decades as an alternative to industrialized agriculture. Agroforestry is a practice with potential to promote several ecosystem services, e.g. carbon seques-tration and soil improvement. This study looks into how carbon sequestration and soil fertility can be measured in one of the most diverse agroforestry systems; forest gardens. Five forest gardens located in southern Sweden were included in the study; Tystinge (T), Rikkenstorp (R), Hansta Ostergarde (H.O.), Holma skogstradgard (H.o.) and Klockaregarden (K), representing different soils, climates and manage-ments. Standing biomass was estimated for herbs, trees and shrubs. Herbal vegeta-tion was harvested and brought back to the lab, while trees and shrubs were meas-ured in the field and biomass was calculated by using allometric equations. Soil samples were collected to estimate root biomass, respiration, carbon content and C/N ratio. A soil profile description was performed, and a method to estimate my-chorrizal colonization was also tried out. It was shown that the biomass production and carbon in standing biomass varies depending on site and management. Previ-ous land use will determine whether the establishment of a forest garden will im-prove or impair biomass production. Herbal biomass was twice as high at T com-pared to H.O. Biomass of trees and shrubs varied as well, with the highest woody biomass being more than twice as high as the lowest, found at H.o. and K respec-tively. After the forest gardens had been established root biomass decreased with 60% at R, while it increased with 50% at H.O. At all sites soil respiration was lower in the forest garden than at reference spots outside the garden. The forest gardens seemed to favor earthworm activity, while no changes in carbon content or C/N ratio were seen. C/N ratios were strongly connected to the respective sites. For prop-er estimations of above- and belowground biomass of trees and shrubs more spe-cific allometric equations needs to be developed, suiting the species of relevance and the climatic conditions. A similar method would also provide the best estima-tion of herbal biomass. Carbon content in soils changes slowly and to see whether the forest gardens have had a long-term impact on carbon content new measure-ments needs to be made in the future. Respiration should be measured several times a year for reliable modeling of carbon sequestration to be possible. Data on degradation rates of different plant components are also needed for proper models on carbon flows to be developed. Better understanding of the components of forest gardens, and their interactions, would help in finding the potentials of forest gar-dens in Sweden.
Tree Allometry
Soil carbon
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