Growth and Prevalence of Antibiotic-Resistant Bacteria in Waste from Pagla Treatment Plant
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Antibiotics are released into the environment either directly in an unchanged form or in a partially metabolized form. The discharge is usually through untreated waste or industrial treatment effluents. The potential concern is the uptake of these antibiotics by crops irrigated by treated wastewater. This study collected wastewater from eight points at the Pagla, Kadamtali, Dhaka treatment plant. Here we consider three crucial antibiotics, Doxycycline, Ciprofloxacin, and Tetracycline, used mainly during the last two years of the pandemic. A PDA detector was used in high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis to determine the raw and processed effluent antibiotics. The most frequently seen antibiotics in natural wastewater were Doxycycline and Ciprofloxacin, with the highest concentration of 0.23µgL-1and 0.20 µgL-1(raw water), respectively. Tetracycline was not detected in natural water. Contrarily, Doxycycline was discovered in the Pagla plant's completed water and had the highest concentration (0.12 gL-1), whereas Ciprofloxacin and Tetracycline were not found in the dead water. The findings of this study showed that Doxycycline was still present in both the raw and processed effluent. Both natural and finished wastewater was subjected to a microbial-resistant test in the presence of all three antibiotics. The results revealed that the samples detected both heterotrophic bacteria and total coliform. The viable aerobic heterotrophic bacteria ranged between 5.421 and 4.754 log cfu/ml. Total bacteria load gradually decreased in the finished wastewater.Broad spectrum
Tetracycline antibiotics
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The heat effects produced by a strain of Escherichia coli in the presence of doxycycline and tetracycline were determined by calorimetric measurements using batch and flow microcalorimeters of the heat-conduction type. There was a clear difference in the capacity of the two tetracyclines to suppress the metabolism of the test bacterium as indicated by the heat production registered. In the presence of doxycycline or tetracycline in a concentration of 0.4 mug/ml (half the minimum inhibitory concentration, MIC), the time interval between the start of the experiment and a heat production of 2 muW/ml was 4.5 h for tetracycline and 7.3 h for doxycycline. When the antibiotics, in a concentration of 1.6 mug/ml (2 X MIC), were added to the culture during the logarithmic growth phase, tetracycline depressed heat production much less than doxycycline. Almost immediately after the addition of the two tetracyclines studied, heat production decreased sharply. The heat production rose again 1 h after tetracycline had been added, but remained at a low level for at least 16 h after doxycycline.--The results suggest that there are differences in the kinetics of the antibacterial action of doxycycline and tetracycline. Microcalorimetric studies provide new information for determining antibacterial activities of antibiotics, information that cannot be obtained by means of conventional bacteriological techniques. Such studies might be of value for the establishment of optimal dose regimens.
Isothermal microcalorimetry
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Polysome
Tetracycline antibiotics
Protein synthesis inhibitor
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In vivo and in vitro efficacy of tetracyclines was studied with respect to anthracic infection induced by a tetracycline-resistant resistant strain containing plasmid pBC16. The plasmid-containing strain was resistant to tetracycline, doxycycline and minocycline, the MICs exceeding those for the initial strain 500, 640 and 80 times, respectively. There was no therapeutic effect of tetracycline and doxycycline in the treatment and urgent prophylaxis of anthracic infection caused by the tetracycline-resistant strain of Bacillus anthracis. High therapeutic efficacy of minocycline in the average therapeutic concentrations was shown irrespective of the contaminating doses and strains. Minocycline was recommended for treatment and urgent prophylaxis of anthracic infection caused by tetracycline-resistant B. anthracis strains.
Minocycline
Bacillus anthracis
Strain (injury)
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Medical microbiology
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The effect of ciprofloxacin on the susceptibility of Pseudomonas aeruginosa to tetracycline was evaluated. This study was based on the fact that most bacterial resistance to an antibiotics is under control of genes located on plasmids. Treatment with ciprofloxacin at subminimal inhibitory concentration possibly alter the supercoiled to the relaxed form, so that the plasmids could not be expressed, whereas at the same time the bacterial chromosome would not be affected by the treatment. The aim of this study was to search for possible increase of tetracycline susceptibility of P.aeruginosa, under the influence of ciprofloxacin. Thirty two isolates of P.aeruginosa were used In the experiment. Minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) of ciprofloxacin for an individual isolate was determined by a standard broth dilution method. Fresh cultures with the density of 106CFU/m1 were added Into a serial tubes containing various concentrations of tetracycline. Ciprofloxacin at sub MIC's was then added into these cultures. The same cultures containing only tetracycline were used for controls. The results showed that the decrease of MIC of tetracycline was observed in 31 (96.87%) isolates of P.aeruginosa, and 34.37% changed their resistance stated. It was concluded that ciprofloxacin increased tetracycline susceptibility of P.aeruginosa. Key words : ciprofloxacin - plasmid - antibiotic susceptibility - P. aeruginosa-tetracycline
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The effects of tetracycline and doxycycline (10-100 mg/g i.v.) on the triglyceride and cholesterol contents of liver and blood were studied comparatively in male and female mice. Only tetracycline increased the triglyceride content of the liver. The cholesterol content of the liver was raised by both tetracycline and doxycycline. Tetracycline and doxycycline increased the concentration of unesterified cholesterol and decreased esterified and total cholesterol in the serum. Most effects were more consistent or more pronounced in females than in males.
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Tetracycline, doxycycline, and minocycline were evaluated for their antibacterial activity against methicillin-susceptible and -resistant isolates of Staphylococcus . At clinically achievable levels both doxycycline and minocycline were more active than tetracycline against methicillin-susceptible organisms. Tetracycline and doxycycline had no activity against methicillin-resistant staphylococci, whereas minocycline at 2 μg/ml inhibited six of 13 strains and, at 3 μg/ml, 10 of 13 strains.
Minocycline
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