[Comparison of therapeutic effects of antibiotics of the tetracycline group in the treatment of anthrax caused by a strain inheriting tet-gene of plasmid pBC16].
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In vivo and in vitro efficacy of tetracyclines was studied with respect to anthracic infection induced by a tetracycline-resistant resistant strain containing plasmid pBC16. The plasmid-containing strain was resistant to tetracycline, doxycycline and minocycline, the MICs exceeding those for the initial strain 500, 640 and 80 times, respectively. There was no therapeutic effect of tetracycline and doxycycline in the treatment and urgent prophylaxis of anthracic infection caused by the tetracycline-resistant strain of Bacillus anthracis. High therapeutic efficacy of minocycline in the average therapeutic concentrations was shown irrespective of the contaminating doses and strains. Minocycline was recommended for treatment and urgent prophylaxis of anthracic infection caused by tetracycline-resistant B. anthracis strains.Keywords:
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Bacillus anthracis
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The in vitro activity of three tetracycline antibiotics against 127 strains of Acinetobacter calcoaceticus (Herella vaginicola) were compared. Almost all strains were susceptible to minocycline and doxycycline, whereas most strains were resistant to tetracycline.
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Several antibiotics were evaluated in model infections produced in mice with each of two strains of Fusobacterium necrophorum. In one model, local abscesses occurred at the site of subcutaneous injection; in another intra-abdominal abscesses were produced when the organisms were injected into the peritoneal cavity. Treatment with effective antibiotics prevented the formation of abscesses or minimized the size of the lesions. Several treatment schedules were used. Minocycline was the most active antibiotic of the seven agents tested against both strains and in both models. Clindamycin was equal to minocycline against one strain with certain multiple dose treatment schedules and less active with others. Protective effects in mice were achieved with serum levels of minocycline and clindamycin that appear to be clinically achievable. Doxycycline was less active than minocycline, and tetracycline was relatively ineffective, as were cephalexin, ampicillin and penicillin G.
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The ribosome and protein synthesis are major targets within the cell for inhibition by antibiotics, such as the tetracyclines. The tetracycline family of antibiotics represent a large and diverse group of compounds, ranging from the naturally produced chlortetracycline, introduced into medical usage in the 1940s, to second and third generation semi-synthetic derivatives of tetracycline, such as doxycycline, minocycline and more recently the glycylcycline tigecycline. Here we describe the mode of interaction of tetracyclines with the ribosome and mechanism of action of this class of antibiotics to inhibit translation. Additionally, we provide an overview of the diverse mechanisms by which bacteria obtain resistance to tetracyclines, ranging from efflux, drug modification, target mutation and the employment of specialized ribosome protection proteins.
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In vivo and in vitro efficacy of tetracyclines was studied with respect to anthracic infection induced by a tetracycline-resistant resistant strain containing plasmid pBC16. The plasmid-containing strain was resistant to tetracycline, doxycycline and minocycline, the MICs exceeding those for the initial strain 500, 640 and 80 times, respectively. There was no therapeutic effect of tetracycline and doxycycline in the treatment and urgent prophylaxis of anthracic infection caused by the tetracycline-resistant strain of Bacillus anthracis. High therapeutic efficacy of minocycline in the average therapeutic concentrations was shown irrespective of the contaminating doses and strains. Minocycline was recommended for treatment and urgent prophylaxis of anthracic infection caused by tetracycline-resistant B. anthracis strains.
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: Minocycline and doxycycline both are second-generation tetracycline antibiotic with similar chemical structures and comparable antibacterial spectrum. Minocycline has also emerged as the tetracycline of choice for multidrug-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii infections, although doxycycline has also shown the activity. Minocycline showed promising results in experimental neurology, which was due to its highly lipophilic nature. It is clinically safe and effective adjunct to antipsychotic medications.The objective of the current review is to provide clinical and preclinical, non-antibiotic uses of minocycline as well as doxycycline.Relevant literature covers antibiotic actions but is more specifically concerned with the non-antibiotic biological aspect of the tetracyclines. Non-antibiotic biological effects for both the antibiotics were identified through searching relevant databases including: PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science up to 2020, using the keywords ‘minocycline and doxycycline’. Anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidant, anti-apoptotic neuroprotective, immunomodulatory and number of other non-antibiotic effects were compiled for minocycline and doxycycline.
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Minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) is the lowest concentration of antibiotics that inhibits the visible growth of a microorganism. It has been reported that sub-MIC of antibiotics may result in morphological alterations along with biochemical and physiological changes in bacteria. The purpose of this study was to examine morphological changes of periodontal pathogens after treatment with sub-MIC antibiotics. Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans, Fusobacterium nucleatum, and Porphyromonas gingivalis were used in this study. The MIC for amoxicillin, doxycycline, metronidazole, penicillin, and tetracycline were determined by broth dilution method. The bacterial morphology was observed with bright field microscope after incubating with sub-MIC antibiotics. The length of A. actinomycetemcomitans and F. nucleatum were increased after incubation with metronidazole; penicillin and amoxicillin. P. gingivalis were increased after incubating with metronidazole and penicillin. However, F. nucleatum showed decreased length after incubation with doxycycline and tetracycline. In this study, we observed that sub-MIC antibiotics can affect the morphology of periodontal pathogens.
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Treatment for moderate-to-severe acne vulgaris relies on prolonged use of oral tetracycline-class antibiotics; however, these broad-spectrum antibiotics are often associated with off-target effects and negative gastrointestinal sequelae. Sarecycline is a narrow-spectrum antibiotic treatment option. Here, we investigated the effect of prolonged sarecycline exposure, compared with broad-spectrum tetracyclines (doxycycline and minocycline) upon the colonic microbiota. Three in vitro models of the human colon were instilled with either minocycline, doxycycline or sarecycline, and we measured microbiota abundance and diversity changes during and after antibiotic exposure. Significant reductions in microbial diversity were observed following minocycline and doxycycline exposure, which failed to recover post antibiotic withdrawal. Specifically, minocycline caused a ~10% decline in Lactobacillaceae and Bifidobacteriaceae abundances, while doxycycline caused a ~7% decline in Lactobacillaceae and Bacteroidaceae abundances. Both minocycline and doxycycline were associated with a large expansion (>10%) of Enterobacteriaceae. Sarecycline caused a slight decline in bacterial diversity at the start of treatment, but abundances of most families remained stable during treatment. Ruminococcaceae and Desulfovibrionaceae decreased 9% and 4%, respectively, and a transient increased in Enterobacteriaceae abundance was observed during sarecycline administration. All populations recovered to pre-antibiotic levels after sarecycline exposure. Overall, sarecycline had minimal and transient impact on the gut microbiota composition and diversity, when compared to minocycline and doxycycline.
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The semi-synthetic tetracycline antibiotic is a tetracycline derivative.The present study has shown that aside from its antibiotic activities(bacteriostatic and anti-inflammatory effect),it also has non-antibiotic activities,including anti-oxidation and anti-apoptosis properties.In clinical it has been served as a neuroprotective agent for the treatment of stroke,multiple sclerosis and other acute and chronic neurological diseases.In this paper,the mechanism of semi-synthetic tetracycline antibiotics(minocycline and doxycycline) treating multiple sclerosis will be mainly reviewed.
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Abstract Acne, one of the most common dermatologic conditions seen by dermatologists, is frequently treated with oral antibiotics. As such, dermatologists prescribe more antibiotics than any other specialty, the majority of which are of the tetracycline class. This family of antibiotics includes tetracycline, doxycycline, minocycline, and sarecycline. Although linked by a similar mechanism of action, each agent has unique characteristics that should be considered carefully. Sarecycline, recently approved by the United States Food and Drug Administration, is a narrow‐spectrum antibiotic and acts primarily on cutaneous bacteria such as Cutibacterium acnes . In contrast, tetracycline, doxycycline, and minocycline are broad‐spectrum antibiotics—indiscriminately inhibiting bacteria in both the skin and gastrointestinal tract. Rising concerns about antibiotic resistance and the need for antibiotic stewardship may make a narrow‐spectrum antibiotic a more attractive therapeutic choice for the acne patient. It is vital that the clinician understand the pros and cons of each tetracycline agent so as to optimally serve our acne population.
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Antibiotic Stewardship
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