Correction: Optimization and characterization of miRNA-129-5p-encapsulated poly (lactic-co-glycolic acid) nanoparticles to reprogram activated microglia
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Correction for ‘Optimization and characterization of miRNA-129-5p-encapsulated poly (lactic- co -glycolic acid) nanoparticles to reprogram activated microglia’ by Irina Kalashnikova, et al. , Nanoscale Adv. , 2023, https://doi.org/10.1039/D3NA00149K.Keywords:
Glycolic acid
Characterization
The development of biodegradable materials with controllable degradation properties is beneficial for a variety of applications. Poly(glycerol-sebacate) (PGS) is a promising candidate of biomaterials; so we synthesize a series of poly(glycerol, sebacate, glycolic acid) (PGSG) with 1:2:0, 1:2:0.2, 1:2:0.4, 1:2:0.6, 1:2:1 mole ratio of glycerol, sebacate, and glycolic acid to elucidate the relation of doped glycolic acid to the degradation rate and mechanical properties. The microstructures of the polymers with different doping of glycolic acid were dissimilar. PGSG with glycolic acid in the ratio of 0.2 displayed an integral degree of ordering, different to those with glycolic acid in the ratio of 0, 0.4, 0.6, and 1, which showed mild phase separation structure. The number, DeltaH(m), and temperature of the PGSG melting peaks tended to decrease with the increasing ratio of doped glycolic acid. In vitro and in vivo degradation tests showed that the degradation rate of PGSG with glycolic acid in the ratio of 0.2 was slowest, but in the ratio range of 0, 0.4, and 0.6, the degradation rate increased with the increase of glycolic acid. All PGSG samples displayed good tissue response and anticoagulant effects. Our data suggest that doping glycolic acid can modulate the microstructure and degree of crosslinking of PGS, thereby control the degradation rate of PGS.
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Alpha-hydroxy acid는 자연 상태에서 과일이나 우유 등에 존재하는 유기산으로서, 피부를 보습하는 기능과 피부각질을 탈락시키는 기능을 가지고 있어서 화장품이나 의약품 등에 사용되고 있다. 이중에 glycolic acid는 가장 흔히 쓰이는 물질이다. 본 연구는 glycolic acid peeling 시술전과 후 피부의 pH, 유분, 수분을 측정하였고 더마스코프 및 주사전자현미경을 사용하여 glycolic acid peeling 전후 피부의 형태학적 변화에 대하여 조사하였다. Glycolic acid peeling 시술 후 피부 수분은 초기에 시술 전 보다 감소했다가 증가하였고, 피부 유분은 감소되었으며 피부 pH도 감소되었다. 여드름 흉터를 더마스코프로 관찰한 결과 피부 결이 매끄러워지고 침착된 색소 부위가 엷어진 것을 관찰할 수 있었으며, 피부 각질을 채취하여 주사전자현미경으로 관찰한 결과 시술 전보다 각질세포의 세포막 표면이 비교적 매끄러워졌으며 세포막의 경계가 뚜렷하게 관찰되었다. 그러나 본 연구는 한 사람의 glycolic acid peeling 도포 전후 각질세포의 형태학적 변화를 살펴본 연구로서의 제한점이 있기에 좀 더 많은 대상을 통한 연구가 진행되어야 할 것이다.
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The synthesis technologies of glycolic acid were reviewed,and the glycolic acid application was introduced.It was suggested that the green and economic C_1 chemistry routes should be developed for glycolic acid production.
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Synopsis A number of alpha-hydroxy acids, including glycolic, lactic (l(+) and d(-) forms) citric, hydroxybutyric and malic acids, were evaluated for their effects on various skin properties at concentrations of 0.5-1.15 m. The acids were evaluated for their stinging potential on sensitive skin, the ability to increase skin cell renewal, and their ability to improve moisture content and reduce lines and wrinkles over a six-week period. Results indicated that lactic l(+) and glycolic were the most effective acids when tested at equimolar concentrations. Both materials were less irritating than the d(-) lactic acid form and the other acids tested. Even though with long-term use both d(-) and l(+) lactic acid and glycolic acid produced comparative improvements in skin hydration and lines and wrinkle improvement, the l(+) form of lactic acid did so with fewer consumer complaints than any of the other acids tested. When the concentration of lactic and glycolic acids was increased to more than 1.5 m a greater difference in irritation potential was observed with respect to stinging, with the l(+) form of lactic acid being less irritating than glycolic acid and the d(-) form. Our results suggest that l(+) and d(-) lactic acid and glycolic acid are the two most effective materials for developing alpha-hydroxy acid products. Lactic acid has a slight technical advantage over glycolic acid. Both l(+) and the d(-) forms are better moisturizers when fully or partially neutralized. Moreover the l(+) form is also less irritating than d(-) and glycolic acid. Other acids such as citric, malic, and hydroxybutyric acids appear to be less effective materials but may be useful additions to lactic or glycolic acid mixes.
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Malic acid
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Abstract Glycolic acid is the smallest alpha hydroxy acid and widely used for skincare applications, including to treat acne vulgaris. Oftentimes, high concentrations of glycolic acid (~20–50 vol%) are incorporated into chemical peels to reduce acne-related inflammation while there is an outstanding need to determine to what extent glycolic acid can potently inhibit Cutibacterium acnes (formerly known as Propionibacterium acnes ), which is a Gram-positive bacterium implicated in acne pathogenesis. Herein, we report that glycolic acid exhibits pH-dependent antibacterial activity against C. acnes and mechanistic studies identified that the nonionic form of glycolic acid is more active than the anionic form. The degree of antibacterial activity, including minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC), of glycolic acid was evaluated in the pH range of 3 to 4.5, and the greatest potency was observed at pH 3. In light of skincare formulation needs, we selected the pH 3.5 condition for further testing and determined that glycolic acid kills C. acnes cells by disrupting bacterial cell membranes. While most conventional treatments involve high concentrations of glycolic acid (>20%), our findings support the potential of developing anti-acne formulations with glycolic acid concentrations as low as 0.2% and with pH conditions that are suitable for over-the-counter applications.
Glycolic acid
Propionibacterium Acnes
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Alpha-hydroxy acid는 자연 상태에서 과일이나 우유 등에 존재하는 유기산으로서, 피부를 보습하는 기능과 피부각질을 탈락시키는 기능을 가지고 있어서 화장품이나 의약품 등에 사용되고 있다. 이중에 glycolic acid는 가장 흔히 쓰이는 물질이다. 본 연구는 glycolic acid peeling 시술전과 후 피부의 pH, 유분, 수분을 측정하였고 더마스코프 및 주사전자현미경을 사용하여 glycolic acid peeling 전후 피부의 형태학적 변화에 대하여 조사하였다. Glycolic acid peeling 시술 후 피부 수분은 초기에 시술 전 보다 감소했다가 증가하였고, 피부 유분은 감소되었으며 피부 pH도 감소되었다. 여드름 흉터를 더마스코프로 관찰한 결과 피부 결이 매끄러워지고 침착된 색소 부위가 엷어진 것을 관찰할 수 있었으며, 피부 각질을 채취하여 주사전자현미경으로 관찰한 결과 시술 전보다 각질세포의 세포막 표면이 비교적 매끄러워졌으며 세포막의 경계가 뚜렷하게 관찰되었다. 그러나 본 연구는 한 사람의 glycolic acid peeling 도포 전후 각질세포의 형태학적 변화를 살펴본 연구로서의 제한점이 있기에 좀 더 많은 대상을 통한 연구가 진행되어야 할 것이다.
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This document has been revised due to recent information that the glycolic acid used in Savannah River National Laboratory (SRNL) experiments contains both formaldehyde and methoxyacetic acid. These impurities were in the glycolic acid used in the testing included in this report and in subsequent testing using DuPont (now called Chemours) supplied Technical Grade 70 wt% glycolic acid. However, these impurities were not reported in earlier revisions. Additional data concerning the properties of glycolic acid have also been added to this report. The Defense Waste Processing Facility (DWPF) is planning to implement a nitric-glycolic acid flowsheets to increase attainment to meet closure commitment dates during Sludge Batch 9. In fiscal year 2009, SRNL was requested to determine the physical properties of formic and glycolic acid blends. Blends of formic acid in glycolic acid were prepared and their physical properties tested. Increasing amounts of glycolic acid led to increases in blend density, viscosity and surface tension as compared to the 90 wt% formic acid that is currently used at DWPF. These increases are small, however, and are not expected to present any difficulties in terms of processing. The effect of sulfur impurities in Technical Grade glycolic acid was studied for its impact on DWPF glass quality. While the glycolic acid specification allows for more sulfate than the current formic acid specification, the ultimate impact is expected to be on the order of 0.033 wt% sulfur in glass. Note that lower sulfur content glycolic acid could likely be procured at some increased cost if deemed necessary. A paper study on the effects of radiation on glycolic acid was performed. The analysis indicates that substitution of glycolic acid for formic acid would not increase the radiolytic production rate of H2 and cause an adverse effect in the Slurry Receipt and Adjustment Tank (SRAT) or Slurry Mix Evaporator (SME) process. It has been cited that glycolic acid solutions that are depleted of O2 when subjected to large radiation doses produced considerable quantities of a non-diffusive polymeric material. Considering a constant air purge is maintained in the SRAT and the solution is continuously mixed, oxygen depletion seems unlikely, however, if this polymer is formed in the SRAT solution, the rheology of the solution may be affected and pumping of the solution may be hindered. However, an irradiation test with a simulated SRAT product supernate containing glycolic acid in an oxygen depleted atmosphere found no evidence of polymerization.
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Electroreduction of oxalic acid to glycolic acid was confirmed by cyclic voltammetry.Glycolic acid was prepared from oxalic acid at the Pb cathode in an eletrolytic cell with cationexchange mambrane.By orthogonal experiments the optimal operating conditions were obtained:current density 1400 A/m2,electric quantity 17 F/mol,temperature 40 ℃ and flowrate of electrolyte 015 m/s?The yield was over 88%.
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Oxalic Acid
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A method for the extraction and quantitative determination of both the mass and radioactivity of glycolic acid from 14 C-labeled leaf tissue is described. The recoveries of both mass and radioactivity from standard [1- 14 C]glycolic acid solutions averaged 98%, and recovery of radioactivity added to plant samples as [1- 14 C]glycolic acid was over 90% after the complete procedure. The method was reliable with total samples containing as little as 130 nmol of glycolic acid.The mass of glycolic acid recovered from sunflower leaf tissue was proportional to the amount of tissue extracted. In experiments with different plant material, the amount of glycolic acid varied between 530 and 1120 nmol/dm 2 of leaf tissue. The specific radioactivity of the glycolic acid in sunflower leaf tissue during photosynthesis in 14 CO 2 was never more than 20% of the specific radioactivity of the 14 CO 2 supplied.
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