Comparative effectiveness of α‐hydroxy acids on skin properties
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Synopsis A number of alpha-hydroxy acids, including glycolic, lactic (l(+) and d(-) forms) citric, hydroxybutyric and malic acids, were evaluated for their effects on various skin properties at concentrations of 0.5-1.15 m. The acids were evaluated for their stinging potential on sensitive skin, the ability to increase skin cell renewal, and their ability to improve moisture content and reduce lines and wrinkles over a six-week period. Results indicated that lactic l(+) and glycolic were the most effective acids when tested at equimolar concentrations. Both materials were less irritating than the d(-) lactic acid form and the other acids tested. Even though with long-term use both d(-) and l(+) lactic acid and glycolic acid produced comparative improvements in skin hydration and lines and wrinkle improvement, the l(+) form of lactic acid did so with fewer consumer complaints than any of the other acids tested. When the concentration of lactic and glycolic acids was increased to more than 1.5 m a greater difference in irritation potential was observed with respect to stinging, with the l(+) form of lactic acid being less irritating than glycolic acid and the d(-) form. Our results suggest that l(+) and d(-) lactic acid and glycolic acid are the two most effective materials for developing alpha-hydroxy acid products. Lactic acid has a slight technical advantage over glycolic acid. Both l(+) and the d(-) forms are better moisturizers when fully or partially neutralized. Moreover the l(+) form is also less irritating than d(-) and glycolic acid. Other acids such as citric, malic, and hydroxybutyric acids appear to be less effective materials but may be useful additions to lactic or glycolic acid mixes.Keywords:
Glycolic acid
Malic acid
To investigate the mechanism of chelate-induced phytoremediation,effects of two kinds of low molecular weight organic acids including citric acid and malic acid on chemical speciation of Pb in soil were studied.Results showed that,for different pollution levels of soil(PbⅠ-PbⅣ),percentage of the most active exchangeable Pb increased significantly as concentration of organic acids were increased.So as to achieve the objective of activating Pb;The mobilization effect of Pb would increase along with concentration of citric acid,and with higher concentration of malic acid added,the mobilization effect of Pb first increased then kept on,when malic acid concentration was 10 mmol/kg and citric acid concentration was 20 mmol/kg,activation ability of malic acid and citric acid respectively reached the maximum value.By comparison,activation ability of citric acid was better than malic acid.
Malic acid
Organic acid
Genetic algorithm
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Alpha-hydroxy acid는 자연 상태에서 과일이나 우유 등에 존재하는 유기산으로서, 피부를 보습하는 기능과 피부각질을 탈락시키는 기능을 가지고 있어서 화장품이나 의약품 등에 사용되고 있다. 이중에 glycolic acid는 가장 흔히 쓰이는 물질이다. 본 연구는 glycolic acid peeling 시술전과 후 피부의 pH, 유분, 수분을 측정하였고 더마스코프 및 주사전자현미경을 사용하여 glycolic acid peeling 전후 피부의 형태학적 변화에 대하여 조사하였다. Glycolic acid peeling 시술 후 피부 수분은 초기에 시술 전 보다 감소했다가 증가하였고, 피부 유분은 감소되었으며 피부 pH도 감소되었다. 여드름 흉터를 더마스코프로 관찰한 결과 피부 결이 매끄러워지고 침착된 색소 부위가 엷어진 것을 관찰할 수 있었으며, 피부 각질을 채취하여 주사전자현미경으로 관찰한 결과 시술 전보다 각질세포의 세포막 표면이 비교적 매끄러워졌으며 세포막의 경계가 뚜렷하게 관찰되었다. 그러나 본 연구는 한 사람의 glycolic acid peeling 도포 전후 각질세포의 형태학적 변화를 살펴본 연구로서의 제한점이 있기에 좀 더 많은 대상을 통한 연구가 진행되어야 할 것이다.
Glycolic acid
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Malic acid
Phosphoric acid
Malic enzyme
Carbon fibers
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Corrosion behavior of mild steel in various hydroxy acid solutions of glycolic, lactic, malic, tartaric, and citric acids was investigated by corrosion tests, electrochemical measurements, solution analysis, and new methods of surface analyses. The corrosion rates of mild steel decreased in the order of malic (ca. 3000 mdd1 at 30 weight percent (w/o) of acid concentration) > tartaric > lactic > citric > glycolic acids. The corrosion rate of mild steel in aqueous malic, tartaric, lactic, and citric acid solutions increased with increasing acid concentration (0–30 w/o), but in glycolic acid solution the corrosion rate was kept constant in such a concentration range. The degree of complex formation between iron ion and malic acid was found to be superior to that between iron ion and glycolic acid as detected using ultraviolet and visible (UV‐vis) absorption spectroscopy. In the scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) images and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) photographs, the surface of the mild steel corroded in malic acid was microscopically uneven under this condition. The degree of unevenness was accelerated with increasing immersion time, but the surface in glycolic acid was even. Applying bias voltages in the range of 0.5–2.0V, the STM image in malic acid held constant, but in glycolic acid it was shifted with bias voltage and a step structure was also observed in the STM image. A carboxylic anion (COO−) peak was not observed for the steel sample in malic acid using the attenuated total reflection spectroscopy (ATR) technique, in glycolic acid a peak for carboxylic anion was observed, which was also confirmed by x‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). In malic, tartaric, lactic, and citric acids, the corrosion behavior is not ascribed to the passivation but to the active dissolution of metal. In glycolic acid, the molecules of glycolic acid are adsorbed on the steel surface. The corrosion rate in glycolic acid was found to be constant at a low rate, independent of acid concentration.
Glycolic acid
Tartaric acid
Malic acid
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Alpha-hydroxy acid는 자연 상태에서 과일이나 우유 등에 존재하는 유기산으로서, 피부를 보습하는 기능과 피부각질을 탈락시키는 기능을 가지고 있어서 화장품이나 의약품 등에 사용되고 있다. 이중에 glycolic acid는 가장 흔히 쓰이는 물질이다. 본 연구는 glycolic acid peeling 시술전과 후 피부의 pH, 유분, 수분을 측정하였고 더마스코프 및 주사전자현미경을 사용하여 glycolic acid peeling 전후 피부의 형태학적 변화에 대하여 조사하였다. Glycolic acid peeling 시술 후 피부 수분은 초기에 시술 전 보다 감소했다가 증가하였고, 피부 유분은 감소되었으며 피부 pH도 감소되었다. 여드름 흉터를 더마스코프로 관찰한 결과 피부 결이 매끄러워지고 침착된 색소 부위가 엷어진 것을 관찰할 수 있었으며, 피부 각질을 채취하여 주사전자현미경으로 관찰한 결과 시술 전보다 각질세포의 세포막 표면이 비교적 매끄러워졌으며 세포막의 경계가 뚜렷하게 관찰되었다. 그러나 본 연구는 한 사람의 glycolic acid peeling 도포 전후 각질세포의 형태학적 변화를 살펴본 연구로서의 제한점이 있기에 좀 더 많은 대상을 통한 연구가 진행되어야 할 것이다.
Glycolic acid
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The components and contents of organic acids in pineapple mature fruits from 56 germplasms were determined by high performance liquid chromatography(HPLC).The results showed that the major components of organic acids in pineapple fruits were citric acid,malic acid and quinic acid.Citric acid was ranged from 1.80 mg/g FW to 8.09 mg/g FW,with a mean of 4.82 mg/g FW,and citric acid content was the highest value,which accounted for 64.73% of the value of organic acids,followed by quinic acid and malic acid.The variation range of quinic acid was relatively stable among different germplasms,while the value of citric acid and malic acid varied greatly,showing as 33.86% and 37.92%,respectively.All the germplasms could be classified into citric acid dominant based on their organic acid composition.
Quinic acid
Malic acid
Organic acid
Germ plasm
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Significant variation in organic acid components was detected in mature fruits of 101 apple accessions using high-performance liquid chromatography. The Malus species predominantly accumulated malic acid and citric acid, whereas wild fruits exhibited significantly higher levels of organic acid content than that in cultivated fruits. Differential accumulation patterns during fruit developmental stages was detected between malic acid and citric acid, thus suggesting a complex genetic regulation mechanism of organic acid metabolism in apple fruit. A highly positive correlation was detected between fruit total organic acid content with malic acid and citric acid content, thus suggesting that malic acid and citric acid are the principal determinants of apple fruit acidity. In contrast to malic acid, citric acid was predominantly detected in partial wild apples, while extremely low to undetectable concentrations of citric acid were observed in cultivated apple fruits; this is likely due to the genetic effects of parental characters. Our results provide vital information that could be useful for future studies on genetic analysis and improvement of organic acid accumulation in apple fruits.
Malic acid
Malus
Organic acid
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Citric acid is a regular ingredient in many vase solution formulations but pre-harvest use of citric acid is a novel method in vase life extension of cut flowers, which is reported on tuberose earlier. In order to verify previous result, and check for possible substitution of citric acid by malic acid, the current research was designed. Citric acid (0, 0.075, 0.15% w/v) and malic acid (0, 0.075, 0.15% w/v) were used in a factorial design with three replications. Foliar sprays were applied two times during growth period of Lilium plants. The results point out that 0.15% citric acid alone had increased vase life from 11.8 in control treatment to 14 days (α < 0.05). The interesting finding was the effect of citric acid on bulbil weight, which was decreased from 9 g in control to 1.5 g in treatment containing combination of 0.075% citric acid and 0.075% malic acid. Malic acid while having no direct effect on pre-mentioned traits surprisingly increased the chlorophyll content significantly. The interaction effect between citric acid and malic acid on vase life and chlorophyll content proved significant and was evident in results, both as antagonistic and synergistic in various traits.
Malic acid
Vase life
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Abstract A reappraisal is offered of old and new observations of substantial day‐night changes of citric‐acid levels in crassulacean acid metabolism (CAM). In contrast to malic acid, the biochemical consequences and the ecophysiological significance of nocturnal accumulation of citric acid in CAM have not received due attention. Considerations show that citric‐acid accumulation does not provide a means for nocturnal storage of CO 2 . It may, however, serve carbon retention by internal recycling and sustain the water budget affording a vacuolar osmoticum. Since citric‐acid accumulation energetically is considerably more favourable than malic‐acid accumulation, this may have important ecophysiological implications. The questions raised by these reflections can and need to be tackled experimentally.
Malic acid
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