On the identity and distribution of the rare Rymosia tolleti Burghele-Balacesco, 1965 (Diptera, Mycetophilidae) encountered in European caves
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The identity and distribution of a neglected fungus gnat species, Rymosia tolleti Burghele-Balacesco, 1965, in Europe is reviewed based on examination of newly collected specimens as well as available museum mate-rials. Rymosia tolleti is widespread but rather rare in Central Europe, with confirmed records from Romania, Slo-vakia, Germany, and France. All the specimens with known collection details originate from cave environments. Detailed photographs of the male terminalia are provided for the first time, along with two unique DNA barcodes for the species.Cite
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Radon concentration has been investigated in nine caves of the Mecsek Mountains, Hungary. Apart from radon concentration, underground temperature and pressure were detected by DATAQUA monitoring devices. Our primary aim was to gain information about boththe radon concentration levels and the convectional systems of these caves in order to study the characteristics of the researcharea. In addition, we intended to detect any differences between the caves either on the basis of the previous measurements or on account of their topo-morphological location. Data were comprehensively analyzed in relation to surface temperature and atmospheric pressure. The collected data showed that the caves located in the researcharea have particularly highradon concentrations. The highest values were measured in valley floor-positioned caves whereas the lowest ones in hilltop-positioned caves. In four cases the air convection systems of the studied caves differed from what would have been indicated by their topo-morphological location. In our study we summarize the convectional laws and uniqueness of the caves investigated.
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Terminalia bellirica is a traditionally used medicinal plant claimed to possess antioxidant, antidiabetic and anti-inflammatory activity. The present study was conducted to evaluate the in vitro antidiabetic activity of the fruits and leaves of Terminalia bellirica. The in vitro alpha amylase and alpha glucosidase activity of different extracts of Terminalia bellirica was also determined. From the results, it is clear that the acetone extract of both the fruits and leaves of Terminalia bellirica shows strong inhibitory activity against alpha amylase and the aqueous extract of fruits and leaves of Terminalia bellirica were found to exhibit highest alpha glucosidase activity. The results obtained in the present study indicated that the Terminalia bellirica could be used for treating diabetes mellitus. Key words : Terminalia bellirica, antidiabetic, alpha amylase, alpha glucosidase.
Terminalia arjuna
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The Gilmerton Cave was traditionally believed to be created in 1725 by a blacksmith, George Paterson. It consists of many chambers and passageways with a table and chairs, also hewn out of the rock. The cave is described in detail and there are many illustrations. The Gorton Cave, popularly called Wallace's Cave, is less elaborate with three chambers and an entranceway. At Hawthornden there is an upper and lower cave, both hewn out of the steep rock face. Dovecots are housed in the lower cave. The cave at Newbattle has four distinct spaces and two passageways. Four other caves are briefly described and a list of all known caves appears as an appendix.
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Terminalia chebula
Combretaceae
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In 1875, the desiccated remains of an Early Woodland boy were removed from Mummy Valley in Upper Salts Cave, Kentucky. Recent archaeological surveys in Salts Cave and forensic investigations of the mummy suggest that the boy was mortally wounded while mining cave minerals. Death resulted from an internal hemorrhage and apparently occurred in the cave. After death the boy was placed on the surface of a ledge in an area known as “Mumy” Hall.
Mammoth
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Terminalia chebula
Combretaceae
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The temperature and aerial microbes in Tianbao cave and in Dibao cave in different seasons and at different space positions were monitored and the results showed that: 1. Tianbao cave in all the four seasons, the highest temperature (18.26～21.69 ℃) at the middle part of the cave and the lowest temperature (16.78～20.18 ℃) in the deepest part of the cave; Dibao cave , the highest temperature at the bottom parts of the cave in winter (12.97 ℃) and in spring (15.45 ℃) and the highest temperature at the middle part of the cave in summer (19.32 ℃) and in autumn (18.33 ℃). The comparison of the two caves showed that Tianbao cave was comparatively driver and had higher temperature (0.97～3.81℃ higher in spring, summer and autumn and 4.51～9.36 ℃ higher in winter), which indicated that season change had less effects on Tianbao cave; 2. there was certain difference in microbial quantity and microbial distribution at different space positions (longitudinal direction)(microbial amount in Dibao cave: cave mouth the highest, then the middle part of the cave and then cave bottom; microbial amount in Tianbao cave: the middle part of the cave the highest and cave mouth the lowest). The mildew accounted for about 70 % of all microbes and bacteria accounted for about 25 % and there were few amounts of microzyme and actinomyceto. Microbial amount presented no evident difference in different seasons in Tianbao cave but evident difference in Dibao cave in different seasons; 3. bacteria was prevailing among all the microbes in the outside environment of Erlang liquor bank and the two liquor-making workshops and then mildew the second.
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