Metaliferi Mountains: Zidită Cave
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Radon concentration has been investigated in nine caves of the Mecsek Mountains, Hungary. Apart from radon concentration, underground temperature and pressure were detected by DATAQUA monitoring devices. Our primary aim was to gain information about boththe radon concentration levels and the convectional systems of these caves in order to study the characteristics of the researcharea. In addition, we intended to detect any differences between the caves either on the basis of the previous measurements or on account of their topo-morphological location. Data were comprehensively analyzed in relation to surface temperature and atmospheric pressure. The collected data showed that the caves located in the researcharea have particularly highradon concentrations. The highest values were measured in valley floor-positioned caves whereas the lowest ones in hilltop-positioned caves. In four cases the air convection systems of the studied caves differed from what would have been indicated by their topo-morphological location. In our study we summarize the convectional laws and uniqueness of the caves investigated.
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Abstract Almost seven hundred caves are known to exist in the Republic of Ireland and they are a significant component of the physical and cultural environment. However, the value of caves is largely unappreciated except by those with specialist interests. A database has been compiled, available in a searchable on‐line format, of all caves in the Republic. The database included not only locational and dimensional information but also attempts to ‘value’ individual caves in terms of, for example, their recreational, archaeological and ecological significance. Co. Clare has more caves and a greater total length of cave passage than the next three most important counties combined. No caves are known in five counties.
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공현석굴은 석굴과 함께 마애불이 함께 조성된 특징을 지니고 있다. 한국에서 마애불은 보편적인 불상조성방식의 하나이지만, 중국에서는 대부분 석굴사원 내지 감실 내부에 불상이 봉안되는 방식이며, 공현석굴의 마애불처럼 완전한 마애불 형식으로 조성된 사례는 매우 드물다. 그런데 이와 유사한 마애불의 사례로서 감숙성 번화현 서상을 들 수 있는데, 이는 북위시대에 사문 류살하가 그 출현을 예언한 바 있고, 그로부터 87년 뒤인 정광 원년(520년)에 실제로 불상이 절벽에서 스스로 모습을 드러내었다고 전해졌다. 정광원년이면 공현석굴의 개착 연대와도 유사한 시기여서, 공현석굴에서 이처럼 마애불이 조성된 이유 역시 서상의 출현을 의미하는 것이 아니었을까 추론을 해보았다. 나아가 골굴사 석굴 역시 석굴과 마애불이 결합된 형태로서 한국에서도 이러한 사례는 흔치 않기 때문에 공현석굴과의 유사성이 주목된다. 다만 그 순서에 있어서는 차이가 있다. 조각양식적으로 보면 공현석굴에서는 마애불보다 석굴 내부의 중심석주에 조성된 불상들의 한화가 더 진전된 것으로 보이기 때문에 마애불이 먼저 조성되고, 이어 석굴사원이 개착된 것으로 볼 수 있다. 반면 골굴사 석굴의 경우는 이미 혈사(穴寺) 즉 석굴이 삼국말~통일신라초기에 활동했던 원효스님이 머물렀고 입적한 장소로 추정되고 있는데 반해 마애불은 통일신라 후기로 편년되고 있기 때문에 석굴이 먼저 운영되고 있었고, 마애불이 나중에 조성되었음을 알 수 있다. 그러나 번화현 서상도 불상의 출현이 예견된 이후 87년이 지나서 마애불이 출현한 예에서처럼 자연암반이 신성한 곳으로 숭상되고, 주변에 수행공간이 형성된 다음, 나중에 마애불이 조성되었을 가능성도 있으므로, 그 순서에 있어서는 다소간의 차이가 있을 수 있다고 예상된다. 아마도 골굴사 정상부의 마애불과 그 아래 기암괴석의 석굴은 마치 고려시대 오백나한도의 장면처럼 바위에 현현한 부처와 그 주변에서 수행하는 오백나한의 이미지를 실제로 수행공간에 실현한 사례였을 것이라는 견해를 제시해보고자 한다.
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The Gilmerton Cave was traditionally believed to be created in 1725 by a blacksmith, George Paterson. It consists of many chambers and passageways with a table and chairs, also hewn out of the rock. The cave is described in detail and there are many illustrations. The Gorton Cave, popularly called Wallace's Cave, is less elaborate with three chambers and an entranceway. At Hawthornden there is an upper and lower cave, both hewn out of the steep rock face. Dovecots are housed in the lower cave. The cave at Newbattle has four distinct spaces and two passageways. Four other caves are briefly described and a list of all known caves appears as an appendix.
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In 1875, the desiccated remains of an Early Woodland boy were removed from Mummy Valley in Upper Salts Cave, Kentucky. Recent archaeological surveys in Salts Cave and forensic investigations of the mummy suggest that the boy was mortally wounded while mining cave minerals. Death resulted from an internal hemorrhage and apparently occurred in the cave. After death the boy was placed on the surface of a ledge in an area known as “Mumy” Hall.
Mammoth
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The temperature and aerial microbes in Tianbao cave and in Dibao cave in different seasons and at different space positions were monitored and the results showed that: 1. Tianbao cave in all the four seasons, the highest temperature (18.26～21.69 ℃) at the middle part of the cave and the lowest temperature (16.78～20.18 ℃) in the deepest part of the cave; Dibao cave , the highest temperature at the bottom parts of the cave in winter (12.97 ℃) and in spring (15.45 ℃) and the highest temperature at the middle part of the cave in summer (19.32 ℃) and in autumn (18.33 ℃). The comparison of the two caves showed that Tianbao cave was comparatively driver and had higher temperature (0.97～3.81℃ higher in spring, summer and autumn and 4.51～9.36 ℃ higher in winter), which indicated that season change had less effects on Tianbao cave; 2. there was certain difference in microbial quantity and microbial distribution at different space positions (longitudinal direction)(microbial amount in Dibao cave: cave mouth the highest, then the middle part of the cave and then cave bottom; microbial amount in Tianbao cave: the middle part of the cave the highest and cave mouth the lowest). The mildew accounted for about 70 % of all microbes and bacteria accounted for about 25 % and there were few amounts of microzyme and actinomyceto. Microbial amount presented no evident difference in different seasons in Tianbao cave but evident difference in Dibao cave in different seasons; 3. bacteria was prevailing among all the microbes in the outside environment of Erlang liquor bank and the two liquor-making workshops and then mildew the second.
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