An Electroactive BiOBr/PVDF/CB Film Electrode for Electrochemical Extraction of Bromine Ions from Brines
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An electroactive bismuth oxybromide/polyvinylidene difluoride/carbon black(BiOBr/PVDF/CB) composite film electrode was fabricated that had a bromide ion trap (Br–-trap) effect obtained by prereleasing of Br– under reduction potential. The Br–-trap BiOBr/PVDF/CB film electrode was used for the selective extraction of Br– from salt lake brine by electrochemically switched ion exchange (ESIX) technology. Moreover, an industrially scalable ESIX pilot system was designed and the effects of different process parameters were investigated. In the ESIX system, the obtained film electrode exhibited efficient adsorption quantity, and remarkable selectivity owing to its special ion trap effect. The extraction capacity of Br– reached 67.10 mg g–1 with the separation factors of 2.06 and 7.13 for Br–/Cl– and Br–/NO3–, respectively, and the desorption efficiency of the film electrode remained at 95.4% after seven repeated cycles. It manifested that the pilot system with the Br–-trap BiOBr/PVDF/CB film electrode is expected to provide a novel direction for practical industrial Br– extraction.Keywords:
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김치 공장에서 배추 절임시 사용하는 염수의 재사용 가능성을 확인하기 위하여 염지 후 배출되는 염수의 염농도를 재조정하여 6회까지 재 사용하면서 염수의 성분과 미생물 변화 및 매회 절임 배추로 담근 김치의 품질을 평가하였다. 배추 절임 후 염수의 염 농도는 1.35~2.49%감소하였고 재 사용횟수에 따라 절임 후 염수의 pH는 4회까지 유의적 변화를 보였고 절임 전 염수의 pH는 4회 까지는 통계적 유의차가 없었으며 산도도 절임 횟수에 따라 증가하는 경향을 보였다. 염수 중 미생물수는 1회 사용시 1.58 $\times$ 10에서 4회 사용시 2.25 $\times$ $10^{7}$ 으로 최고에 달하여 10배정도 상승하였다. 염수 중 염을 제외한 순 가용성 고형분은 6회 사용시 0.93%로 미미하게 증가하는 경향이었고 비타민 C함량은 6회사용 후 0.55 mg%로 재사용 횟수에 따라 상승하는 경향을 보였다. 6회까지 염수를 재 사용하여 절임한 배추로 담근 김치의 pH와 산도, 그리고 관능적 품질은 유의적 차이를 보이지 않아 염수의 재 사용가능성을 확인하였다. 【General composition and microbial load of brine recycled to 6 times for Chinese cabbage salting and the quality of Kimchi using every brined cabbage were investigated. The concentration of salt(NaCl) in brine after soaking dropped 1.35-2.49% and pH of the brine changed significantly until 4 times recycling. The acidities were increased as number of recycling increased. The total viable cell count in recycled brine increased from 1.58 $\times$ 10 $^{6}$ /mL in the first soaking brine to 2.3 $\times$ 10 $^{9}$ /mL in 4th soaking brine which was highest in number. The pure soluble solid and vitamin C content in brine were accumulated to 0.93% and 0.55 mg% respectively after 6th recycling. The pH, acidity and sensory evaluation results of Kimchi prepared by Chinese cabbage salted by each brine recycled 6 times showed no significant difference. It means there is a possiblity reusing brine for salting of cabbage for the preparation of Kimchi to 6 times.】
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Copper nanoparticles were synthesized in a nonaqueous solution of cetyltrimethylammonium bromide with isopropanol as a solvent. Cetyltrimethylammonium bromide in isopropanol is observed to play a role as a catalyst where isopropanol is the reducing agent. The surface plasmon band characteristic for Cu nanoparticles can be observed at approximately 560 nm in the UV-visible spectra at molar ratios for Cu2+: cetyltrimethylammonium bromide of 1:15 and 1:30. On the other hand, at molar ratios of 1:0.25 and 1:1 the presence of peak at approximately 310 nm can be attributed to oligomeric clusters of Cu0. Formation of Cu0 was further confirmed from the X-ray diffraction analysis. The diffractograms exhibited peaks at 2theta = approximately 41.6 degrees, approximately 51.6 degrees, and approximately 74.3 degrees, corresponding to Cu0. At lower concentration of cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (i.e., Cu2+: cetyltrimethylammonium bromide = 1:0.25) higher degree of size dispersity (particles between approximately 5-20 nm) can be noted from transmission electron micrograph. On the other hand, at the highest concentration of cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (i.e., Cu2+: cetyltrimethylammonium bromide = 1:30), formation of finer sized particles with a lower degree of size variation, approximately 2-10 nm, can be observed.
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General composition and microbial load of brine recycled to 6 times for Chinese cabbage salting and the quality of Kimchi using every brined cabbage were investigated. The concentration of salt(NaCl) in brine after soaking dropped 1.36-2.49% and pH of the brine changed significantly until 4 times recycling. The acidities were increased as number of recycling increased. The total viable cell count in recycled brine increased from 1.58 × l0^6/mL in the first soaking brine to 2.3 × l0^8/mL in 4th soaking brine which was highest in number. The pure soluble solid and vitamin C content in brine were accumulated to 0.93% and 0.55 ㎎% respectively after 6th recycling. The pH, acidity and sensory evaluation results of Kimchi prepared by Chinese cabbage salted by each brine recycled 6 times showed no significant difference. It means there is a possiblity reusing brine for salting of cabbage for the preparation of Kimchi to 6 times.
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This paper introduces the adaptability of brine purification, and exploring the impact of Mg2+ on the viscosity and the effect of the addition of NaOH on brine composition mainly through the analysis of the brine purification methods comparison among enterprises and brine composition changes trend of gypsum type brine.
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CPCBz n-Decyltrimethylammonium bromide n-Dodecyltrimethylammonium bromide n-Tetradecyltrimethylammonium bromide n-Hexadecyltrimethylammonium bromide / (Phenyl)-propyltrimethylammonium bromide uj (Phenyl)-butyItrimethylammonium bromide uj (Phenyl)-amyltrimethylammonium bromide OJ(Phenyl)-hexyltrimethylammonium bromide lu (p-Naphthyl)-butyltrimethylaramonium bromide (£-Tetryl)-butyltrimethylammonium bromide p (p-Phenylphenyl)-ethyltrimethylammonium bromide p(p-Cyclohexylphenyl)-ethyltrimethylammonium bromide
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Abstract Fly ash and brine contain major and trace elements such as Na, Cl, Ca, SO4, K, Mg, P, Si, Al, Fe, Mn, Cr, V and Ti in significant quantities. This study focuses on the leachability of species from fly ash and the removal of major and trace species from brine as the two waste streams interact. Another objective is to evaluate the effect of the interactions on the brine quality. Batch reaction tests were carried out on two different fly ashes and brine at different L/S ratios and different reaction times, and the supernatant analysed for major and trace species. Chemical analysis revealed that the unreacted brine solution contained high concentration of species such as Na, K, Ca, Mg, Cl and SO4, while species such as As, Ba, Cd, Co, Cr, Mn, Pb and Ti were present in trace quantities. Analysis of the supernatants after the batch reaction tests (fly ash-brine interaction experiments) revealed that major species such as Na, Mg, Cl and SO4, and trace elements such as As, Co, Pb, Zn, Ni and Cu were significantly removed from the brine solution while Ca, Ba, Sr, Cr and Mo were leached into the brine solution from the fly ashes. The removal of species from the brine solution was most prominent at L/S ratio 1:1. This indicates that the L/S ratio of the ash-brine system has a significant effect on the release of species from fly ash or the removal of species from brine solution. The final pH of the fly ash-brine solutions and the contact times were also observed to have a significant effect on the leaching from fly ash as well as the removal of major and trace species from the brine. The study also showed that some contaminant species can be removed from brine solution using fly ash. Keywords: Brinefly ashbatch reaction testchemical interactionsleachingmajor and trace speciesbrine qualitymineralogychemical compositioncoal combustion Acknowledgments We express our gratitude to SASOL-ESKOM ash-brine co-disposal study initiative for providing financial support to perform this study, SASOL-Secunda R&D and ESKOM-Tutuka R&D who provided the fly ash samples used for this study, and the Chemistry Department of the University of the Western Cape, South Africa for the assistance provided during this study.
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Through analyzing the data of K,Li and B in the mining area of Lake Xitaijinair,the study results re- vealed the dynamic changes of K,Li and B and their seasons during early mining(from 2003 to 2004).The results show that the changes of contents of K,Li and B in lake brine mainly are controlled by the seasonal changes of sur- ficial runoff.Three elements' contents in underground brine during recovering are higher than those during mining. But their contents in pore brine are higher than those in intercrystalline brine and three elements'spatial differentia- tion are obviously different.Studies on the phase diagram suggest that the brine during recovering has arrived the step when the sylvite is precipitating.The brine in mining area is basically in stagnation and there was no signifi- cant correlation between water levels and three elements'contents in underground brine.The changes of K,Li and B in underground brine probably are due to the physical and chemical changes of brine itself.And in short time, mining action and surficial runoff can not evidently influence the elements'changes in hydrochemistry.
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The brine in Caerhan salt lake was the best raw materials for electrolysis magnesium.The brine contained SO42-,which was harmful to electrolysis magnesium process.The requirement of electrolysis magnesium was that the SO42- must be less than 30 mg/L in the brine.Regular methods were not able to deal with the brine for SO2-4≤30 mg/L.Vaporizing,crystal and reaction process was developed to take off SO42- from brine.After a series of operations,the concentration of SO42- in brine reached the requirements of electrolysis magnesium.Meanwhile,the analyzing method for little SO42- in brine was also studied.The spectrophotometry was used to analyze the low concentration of SO42-.
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