On-line determination of bromide ion in spent brine
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Brine
Mercury
Dead sea
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A comprehensive reaction model was developed that incorporates the effect of bromide on monochloramine loss and formation of bromine and chlorine containing dihaloacetic acids (DHAAs) in the presence of natural organic matter (NOM). Reaction pathways accounted for the oxidation of bromide to active bromine (Br(I)) species, catalyzed monochloramine autodecomposition, NOM oxidation, and halogen incorporation into DHAAs. The reaction scheme incorporates a simplified reaction pathway describing the formation and termination of Br(I). In the absence of NOM, the model adequately predicted bromide catalyzed monochloramine autodecomposition. The Br(I) reaction rate coefficients are 4 orders of magnitude greater than HOCl for the same NOM sources under chloramination conditions. Surprisingly, the rate of NOM oxidation by Br(I) was faster than bromide catalyzed monochloramine autodecomposition by Br(I) so that the latter reactions could largely be ignored in the presence of NOM. Incorporation of bromine and chlorine into DHAAs was proportional to the amount of NOM oxidized by each halogen and modeled using simple bromine (αBr) and chlorine (αCl) incorporation coefficients. Both coefficients were found to be independent of each other and αBr was one-half the value of αCl. This indicates that chlorine incorporates itself into DHAA precursors more effectively than bromine. Model predictions compared well with DHAA measurements in the presence of increasing bromide concentrations and is attributable to the increased rate of NOM oxidation, which is rate limited by the oxidation of bromide ion in chloraminated systems.
Chloramination
Reaction rate
Bromate
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Brine
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Abstract Optimum conditions have been presented for the production of methyl bromide by employing the reactants, sulphur, methyl alcohol, liquid bromine and water. For the maximum recovery of methyl bromide from liquid bromine used in the reaction, a 5% excess of sulphur and 30% excess of water than the stoichiometric quantities were found necessary. The addition of liquid bromine to the reaction mixture at slower rates of 0.5 to 2.5 cm 3 min −1 , reduced the loss of bromine as sulphur bromide and increased the yield of methyl bromide from 42 to 94.3%. With these standardised conditions, the product had a methyl bromide content of 98.2% with an overall yield of 94.42% based on liquid bromine.
Stoichiometry
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Abstract In Part I of this paper reference was made to the occurrence of up to 2·20 p.p.m. of bromine, combined as bromide, in some underground water supplies of Southern England. The effect of traces of bromide in tests for free chlorine is now discussed. Bacteriological experiments also indicate that when waters containing free ammonia are being chlorinated, the presence of small amounts of bromide leads to a considerable acceleration of the rate of sterilisation: it appears that this effect is marked with 1 p.p.m. of combined bromine but as little as 0·25 p.p.m. may be significant under some conditions. The experiments were mainly confined to the case where the organic content of the water was very small, but this frequently applies in underground supplies.
Free water
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Bromine is a very good electro active species, with fast and reversible kinetics. However, it possesses a high vapor pressure and reactivity which require stabilization via complexing agents, which reduce reactivity and vapor pressure without changing its electrochemical properties. Currently, bromide based batteries like the Zinc/ Bromine cell, use as Bromide complexing agents, either Methyl Ethyl Morpholinium Bromide (MEM) or Methyl Ethyl Pyrrolidinium Bromide (MEP) or their mixture. Both complexing agents have been well known in the field for about 40 years. A possible drawback of their use as complexing agents for bromine is that they are not always compatible with different bromide chemistries. ICL-IP has developed a family of new effective Bromide complexing agents that are compatible with various bromide based chemistries and applications.
Zinc bromide
Reactivity
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(1). Freshly precipitated silver bromide has a large surface development and is subject to thermal aging at room temperature in the air-dried state. During the aging the magnitude of the surface decreases and also the speed of incorporation of radioactive bromide, when bromine dissolved in ethyl bromide or in a gas phase is shaken with the solid. (2). A rapid exchange occurs between bromide in fresh air-dried silver bromide and radioactive bromine dissolved in ethyl bromide or bromine in the gas phase. (3). Fresh silver bromide has a relatively large electrical conductivity which is at least partly ionic.
Silver bromide
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Naturally occurring bromide present in drinking water can be quickly oxidized by chlorine to bromine, which can react with natural organic matter to form brominated disinfection byproducts (DBPs). This study investigated the relationship between known specific brominated DBPs and total organic bromine (TOBr) formed during chlorination of N OM isolates and natural waters in the presence of various levels of bromide. Unknown TOBr (UTOBr) is determined as the difference between TOBr and bromine incorporated into measured specific DBPs. The unknown TOBr fraction, as represented by the ratio of UTOBr to TOBr increased with increasing initial bromide concentrations during chlorination. The majority of organic bromine was incorporated into known specific DBPs during chlorination of low bromide containing waters. Hydrophilic and low molecular weight (MW) NOM was more reactive with bromine as measured by the formation of trihalomethanes and haloacetic acids than corresponding hydrophobic and high MW NOM. However, hydrophobic and high MW N OM formed more TOBr than hydrophilic and low MW NOM. Water utilities should work to remove both hydrophobic and hydrophilic NOM in the water sources to reduce the formation of chlorinated and brominated DBPs.
Haloacetic acids
Natural Organic Matter
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To investigate the effects of bromide concentration and ozone dosage on the formation of brominated trihalomethane formation potential (THMFP-Br) and BrO3-in ozonation,the effects of ozone dosage and reaction time on the distribution of bromide species were studied.The results show that THMFP-Br can be removed by ozone in water with different bromide concentrations.In low bromide concentration,BrO3-is formed only in high ozone dosage.Ozone dosage has great influence on the amount of total organic bromine (TOBr) on the percent conversion of Br-,but has no obvious effect on THMFP-Br.The generated BrO3-increases and the amount of TOBr decreases with the extended reaction time of ozonation.
Trihalomethane
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