3D-imaging and quantitative assessment for size-related penetration of HfO2 nanoparticles in breast cancer tumor by synchrotron radiation microcomputed tomography
Jiali WangTingfeng ZhangYou LiaoWei ChenShanshan LiangSi XuFang HaoMeng WangLingna ZhengZhanjun GuZhiyong ZhangBing WangYi BiWeiyue Feng
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Abstract In order to predict the penetration depth for jet penetrating spaced target plates, a modified formula with exponential form is proposed in this work based on the existing method. The processes of jet penetrating homogeneous target plate and spaced target plates are observed by simulation, and the penetration depth of different layers is obtained. The relationship between the number of layers and the penetration depth is described by the proposed formula, in which the parameters are determined by the simulation results. The penetration depth for jet penetrating spaced target plates can be predicted by the proposed formula. By comparison, the predictions well agree with the actual data, which indicates the modified formula can be a reference to predict the penetration depth for spaced target plates.
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Realization of a needle-free drug delivery device can solve needle-caused problems. Recently, attention has been given to the use of a focused liquid jet instead of the use of the existing needle-free device that generates a turbulent liquid jet. This study experimentally visualized the penetration into a gel and animal skin of a focused liquid jet with a very high speed around 200 m/s. We first examined high-speed images to evaluate the dynamics of the jet penetration into a gel. We found that the penetration depth is determined within a short time $$t_p$$ (on the order of 0.01 ms). $$t_p$$ is similar to $$L/V_j$$ , where L and $$V_j$$ are, respectively, the penetration depth and the impact speed of the jet tip. We then investigated the overall shape of the penetration site represented by the length ratio $$\alpha =L/W$$ , where W is the width of the penetration site. Remarkably, the ratio $$\alpha$$ is greater than unity for a gel, as well as for the animal skin. This suggests that the focused liquid jet can create a narrow penetration site into the target.
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We investigate the influence of columnar defects in layered superconductors on the thermally activated penetration of pancake vortices through the surface barrier. Columnar defects, located near the surface, facilitate penetration of vortices through the surface barrier, by creating ``weak spots'', through which pancakes can penetrate into the superconductor. Penetration of a pancake mediated by an isolated column, located near the surface, is a two-stage process involving hopping from the surface to the column and the detachment from the column into the bulk; each stage is controlled by its own activation barrier. The resulting effective energy is equal to the maximum of those two barriers. For a given external field there exists an optimum location of the column for which the barriers for the both processes are equal and the reduction of the effective penetration barrier is maximal. At high fields the effective penetration field is approximately two times smaller than in unirradiated samples. We also estimate the suppression of the effective penetration field by column clusters. This mechanism provides further reduction of the penetration field at low temperatures.
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Abstract In order to study the influence of different spherical fragments on the penetration depth of concrete targets, AUTODYN-2D software is used to model and simulate the penetration of fragments with different diameters, materials and velocities. Through the analysis of penetration depth data, it is found that the penetration depth of tungsten alloy fragments will not continue to increase at higher speeds (when v > 1400 m / s, the penetration depth of tungsten alloy fragments begins to decrease). The process of spherical fragment penetrating concrete is analyzed, and the relationship between the penetration depth and the velocity, diameter, material parameters and concrete strength of spherical fragment is clarified. The simulation results show that the penetration depth curve parameters of different materials are quite different, due to the high utilization rate of tungsten alloy fragments, the calculation formula of penetration depth of tungsten alloy spherical fragments with respect to fragment parameters is obtained by fitting the penetration data. The penetration depth of tungsten alloy spherical fragments under different diameters and velocities can be predicted accurately by this formula.
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An analytical model of ceramic target against shaped charge jet penetration is presented in this paper. The model in which damage is considered is developed by the spherical cavity expansion theory. The experiment of jet penetration into ceramic is analysed using the model in this paper. The theoretical results show good consistence with the experimental results. Numerical simulation of jet penetration into ceramic is presented, and the influence of parameters of liner on the penetration depth is discussed. It indicates that the influence of liner thickness on the penetration depth increases with liner angle and that the influence of liner angle on the penetration depth increases with liner thickness. The simulated results of penetration velocity consist with the theoretical results. It shows that the model presented in this paper is feasible.
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In this paper, the mechanical behaviours of open-cell and closed-cell aluminium foams against spherical-nosed projectile penetration are studied theoretically. An analytical model based on dynamic cavity expansion theory and previous experiment data is presented. The analytical equations are derived for the penetration resistance and the final penetration depth during the whole penetrating process. The effects of the mass density of target material, the geometry and initial velocity of the projectiles on the final penetration depth are investigated in detail. It is shown that the final penetration depth mostly lie on the density of aluminium foams and the kinetic energy of projectile. When the density of target is smaller, the final penetration depth of projectile in the closed-cell aluminium foams target is obviously smaller than that in the open-cell aluminium foams target. Meanwhile, with the increase of density of target and the decrease of initial impact velocity, the difference of the capacity of absorbing energy between open-cell and closed-cell aluminium foams targets becomes gradually narrow.
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To improve the penetration efficiency of long-rod penetrator,in view of long-rod penetrator vertically penetrating semi-infinite target,key factors affecting the penetration depth were analyzed,and effect mechanism of the factors on penetration depth was studied with empirical formula deduced from experiments and numerical simulations.The results show that if initial kinetic energy of the long-rod penetrator is constant,the optimal values of aspect ratio,incident velocity,rotation velocity exist,when the maximum depth is obtained,and as the values of these factors change,the penetration depth would decline.How to obtain and optimize these values was provided.
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The aim of this paper is to investigate the effect of geometrical parameters on the performance of jet penetration in the process of shaped charge. To this end, the finite element analysis was used to simulate the process. The simulated process was validated by experimental tests and the effect of some parameters including stand-off distance and the liner thickness on the jet penetration depth was studied. The results indicated that choosing the optimal distance between the liner and the target (stand-off distance) can significantly affect the performance of jet penetration in the target. In addition, examining the effect of liner thickness on the penetration depth efficiency revealed that by decreasing the liner thickness, the jet penetration depth on the target increases. It should be noted that ABAQUS finite element software was used in this simulation to analyze the process of shaped charge.
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