In-field measurements of PCDD/F emissions from domestic heating appliances for solid fuels
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Stove
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Effect of torrefaction on consumer characteristics of fuel pellets made of low-grade and agricultural waste is shown. Data on the volatile content, ash content, calorific value and hygroscopicity for initial pellets and pellets, heat-treated at various temperatures are presented. The experimental study of the combustion process of initial and heat-treated pellets showed that torrefaction of pellets leads to a decreasing of the ignition temperature and an increasing of the efficiency of boiler plant.
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Heat of combustion
Autoignition temperature
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Solid fuel
Heat of combustion
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Solid fuel cooking stoves have been used as primary energy sources for residential cooking and heating activities throughout human history. It has been estimated that domestic combustion of solid fuels makes a considerable contribution to global greenhouse gas (GHG) and pollutant emissions. The majority of data collected from simulated tests in laboratories does not accurately reflect the performance of stoves in actual use. This study characterizes in-field emissions of fine particulate matter (PM2.5), carbon dioxide (CO2), carbon monoxide (CO), methane (CH4), and total non-methane hydrocarbons (TNMHC) from residential cooking events with various fuel and stove types from villages in two provinces in China (Tibet and Yunnan) in the Himalayan area. Emissions of PM2.5 and gas-phase pollutant concentrations were measured directly and corresponding emission factors calculated using the carbon balance approach. Real-time monitoring of indoor PM2.5, CO2, and CO concentrations was conducted simultaneously. Major factors responsible for emission variance among and between cooking stoves are discussed.
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Carbon fibers
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Emission factors of carbon monoxide (CO), particulate matter (PM2.5), organic carbon (OC), and elemental carbon (EC), as well as combustion efficiency and particle optical properties were measured during 37 uncontrolled cooking tests of residential stoves in Yunnan Province, China. Fuel mixtures included coal, woody biomass, and agricultural waste. Compared to previously published emission measurements of similar stoves, these measurements have higher CO and PM2.5 emission factors. Real-time data show two distinct burn phases: a devolatilization phase after fuel addition with high PM2.5 emissions and a solid-fuel combustion phase with low PM2.5 emissions. The average emission factors depend on the relative contributions of these phases, which are affected by the services provided by the stoves. Differences in stove and fuel characteristics that are not represented in emission inventories affect the variability of emission factors much more than do the type of solid fuel or stove. In developing inventories with highly variable sources such as residential solid-fuel combustion, we suggest that (1) all fuels should be accounted for, not just the primary fuel; (2) the household service provided should be emphasized rather than specific combinations of solid fuels and devices; and (3) the devolatilization phase should be explicitly measured and represented.
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Solid fuel
Carbon fibers
Emission inventory
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Moderate or intense low-oxygen dilution (MILD) combustion has the advantages of high thermal efficiency and ultralow NOx emissions. This technology has attracted extensive attention from the combustion community since 1990 or so. The early development of MILD combustion technologies required highly preheating the combustion air externally, thus limiting the range of its industrial applications, especially for burning solid fuels. Later, this technical limitation was gradually overcome, particularly becoming possible to burn solid fuels without preheating under MILD conditions. Significant progress has since been made in solid-fuel MILD combustion. Some examples include the development of solid-fuel MILD burners utilizing low-volatile residual char and high-volatile biomass, low emissions of pollutants such as NOx and fine particles, MILD oxy-fuel combustion, and pilot-scale demonstrations and industrial applications. Solid fuels adopted for MILD combustion comprise coal, residual char, biomass, and sludge. This paper reviews the research progress achieved so far for solid-fuel MILD combustion. The definition of solid-fuel MILD combustion is first introduced. Then, the establishment approach is discussed. The combustion features and NOx emission mechanisms are investigated in detail. The advantages of MILD oxy-fuel combustion are also presented. The future development of solid-fuel MILD combustion is proposed finally. This review covers the fundamentals and applications of MILD combustion of solid fuels.
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The correct course of the combustion process has a great influence on several output parameters. In addition to the impact on the performance and efficiency of the device, the impact on the formation and properties of gaseous emissions and solid residue is particularly noticeable. The solid combustion residue, in particular in the form of ash, remains trapped as the final product after combustion in the incinerator or may be released to the outside environment. Improperly, combustion can form two negative extremes. The first extreme is the formation of too fine dust particles of ash and solid pollutants escaping into the air as dangerous emission substances for human and other organism’s health. The second is the failure to burn larger pieces of fuel or sinter them into clumps, which can subsequently damage the combustion device or reduce the efficiency of combustion. This article aims to examine the various factors influencing the impact of combustion in different types of combustion plants on the properties of the resulting solid fuel residues and further possibilities of their use and effects on the environment.
Solid fuel
Combustion products
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Heat of combustion
Solid fuel
Pellet
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This study reports on the emission characteristics of NH3 from coal and biomass combustion in the household stoves. The average NH3 emission factors (EFs) for burning 13 coal and four biomass briquette samples in a traditional heating stove were 1.01 and 0.95 mg/g, respectively, whereas the biomass EF in a traditional cooking stove was 0.96 mg/g. These NH3 EFs did not present significant differences and were not well-correlated with the tested fuel properties. However, the modified combustion efficiency (MCE) appeared to be well-correlated with the NH3 EFs measured from various fuel–stove combinations. For the same fuel samples, the advanced heating stove with a high MCE had a much lower average NH3 EF of 0.13 mg/g. Our findings indicate that household combustion may be a significant NH3 emission source in developing countries such as China, and demonstrate that utilizing improved combustion technologies is an effective method for reducing these emissions.
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Briquette
Biomass fuels
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Understanding how fuels and stoves are used to meet a diversity of household needs is an important step in addressing the factors leading to continued reliance on polluting devices, and thereby improving household energy programs. In Nepal and many other countries dependent on solid fuel, efforts to mitigate the impacts of residential solid fuel use have emphasized cooking while focusing less on other solid fuel dependent end-uses. We employed a four-season fuel assessment in a cohort of 110 households residing in two elevation regions of the Far-Western Development Region (Province 7) of Nepal. Household interviews and direct fuel weights were used to assess seasonality in fuel consumption and its association with stoves that met cooking and non-cooking needs. Per-capita fuel consumption in winter was twice that of other measured seasons, on average. This winter increase was attributed to greater prevalence of use and fuel consumption by supplemental stoves, not the main cooking stove. End-use profiles showed that fuel was used in supplemental stoves to meet the majority of non-meal needs in the home, notably water heating and preparation of animal food. This emphasis on fuels, stoves, and the satisfaction of energy needs—rather than just stoves or fuels—leads to a better understanding of the factors leading to device and fuel choice within households.
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Consumption
Briquette
Demographics
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