Zinc Finger-Homeodomain Transcriptional Factors (ZHDs) in Cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.): Identification, Evolution, Expression Profiles, and Function under Abiotic Stresses
Yiming GaoLiyan ZhuMenghang AnYaru WangSen LiYuming DongSonglin YangKexin ShiShanshan FanXiaofeng ChenHuazhong RenXingwang Liu
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Abstract:
Cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) is a globally prevalent and extensively cultivated vegetable whose yield is significantly influenced by various abiotic stresses, including drought, heat, and salinity. Transcription factors, such as zinc finger-homeodomain proteins (ZHDs), a plant-specific subgroup of Homeobox, play a crucial regulatory role in stress resistance. In this study, we identified 13 CsZHDs distributed across all six cucumber chromosomes except chromosome 7. Phylogenetic analysis classified these genes into five clades (ZHDI-IV and MIF) with different gene structures but similar conserved motifs. Collinearity analysis revealed that members of clades ZHD III, IV, and MIF experienced amplification through segmental duplication events. Additionally, a closer evolutionary relationship was observed between the ZHDs in Cucumis sativus (C. sativus) and Arabidopsis thaliana (A. thaliana) compared to Oryza sativa (O. sativa). Quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) analysis demonstrated the general expression of CsZHD genes across all tissues, with notable expression in leaf and flower buds. Moreover, most of the CsZHDs, particularly CsZHD9-11, exhibited varying responses to drought, heat, and salt stresses. Virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS) experiments highlighted the potential functions of CsZHD9 and CsZHD10, suggesting their positive regulation of stomatal movement and responsiveness to drought stress. In summary, these findings provide a valuable resource for future analysis of potential mechanisms underlying CsZHD genes in response to stresses.Keywords:
Cucumis
锌 finger-homeodomain 蛋白质(ZHD ) 在许多植物是在场的；然而， ZHD 基因家庭的进化历史仍然保持大部分未知。我们这里证明 ZHD 基因是植物特定的，将近所有 intronless，并且与微型锌手指(MIF ) 有关，拥有仅仅锌的基因摸。从代表性的陆生植物的 ZHD 基因的种系发生的分析建议非种子植物 ZHD 基因占据基础位置，被子植物相当或相同的事物形成七不同 clades。几 clades 从二包含基因或更多主修被子植物组，包括的 eudicots，单音的简易窄床， magnoliids，和其它基础被子植物，显示几复制发生在 flowering 的多样化前。另外，特定的系经历了更最近的复制。不同于 ZHD 基因， MIF 仅仅从种子植物被发现，可能在种子植物的分叉前由 homeodomain 的损失源于 ZHD。而且， MIF 基因也经历了相对最近的基因复制。最后，染色体复制可能在被子植物实质地作出贡献到家庭尺寸的扩大并且在这些基因引起了功能的冗余性 / 重叠的高水平。
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Abiotic stresses such as drought and salinity are major environmental factors that limit crop yields. Unraveling the molecular mechanisms underlying abiotic stress resistance is crucial for improving crop performance and increasing productivity under adverse environmental conditions. Zinc finger proteins, comprising one of the largest transcription factor families, are known for their finger-like structure and their ability to bind Zn2+. Zinc finger proteins are categorized into nine subfamilies based on their conserved Cys and His motifs, including the Cys2/His2-type (C2H2), C3H, C3HC4, C2HC5, C4HC3, C2HC, C4, C6, and C8 subfamilies. Over the past two decades, much progress has been made in understanding the roles of C2H2 zinc finger proteins in plant growth, development, and stress signal transduction. In this review, we focus on recent progress in elucidating the structures, functions, and classifications of plant C2H2 zinc finger proteins and their roles in abiotic stress responses.
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Abiotic stresses have already exhibited the negative effects on crop growth and development, thereby influencing crop quality and yield. Therefore, plants have developed regulatory mechanisms to adopt against such harsh changing environmental conditions. Recent studies have shown that zinc finger protein transcription factors play a crucial role in plant growth and development as well as in stress response. C2H2 zinc finger proteins are one of the best-studied types and have been shown to play diverse roles in the plant abiotic stress responses. However, the C2H2 zinc finger network in plants is complex and needs to be further studied in abiotic stress responses. Here in this review, we mainly focus on recent findings on the regulatory mechanisms, summarize the structural and functional characterization of C2H2 zinc finger proteins, and discuss the C2H2 zinc finger proteins involved in the different signal pathways in plant responses to abiotic stress.
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Plants can adapt to a variety of stress conditions mainly by changing their gene expression and metabolic pathways.It will be of great significance to study the expression and functions of the genes conferring plants tolerance to abiotic stresses.Zinc finger proteins are an important class of transcription factors with finger domains that are composed of zinc ions and several cysteines and(or) histidines.Zinc ion not only maintains the stability of zinc finger structure,but also is essential for the regulatory role of zinc finger proteins,which are essential in plants for stress tolerance.In this paper the recent research progresses of abiotic stress-related zinc finger protein genes obtained from Arabidopsis thaliana,rice,wheat,tomato and other plants were reviewed.The tissue expressional pattern of the genes as well as the stress response and tolerance properties of the transgenic plants are focused.The results indicated that the zinc finger proteins could regulate stress-related gene expression and played an important role in plant metabolic pathways under stresses.Therefore,crop species with high tolerance to abiotic stresses can be obtained by genetic engineering of zinc finger protein genes.
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