Molecular strategies of the pygmy grasshopper Eucriotettix oculatus adapting to long-term heavy metal pollution
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To study the heavy metal accumulation and its impact on insect exterior and chromosome morphology, and reveal the molecular mechanism of insects adapting to long-term heavy metal compound pollution habitats, this study, in the Diaojiang river basin, which has been polluted by heavy metals(HMs) for nearly a thousand years, two Eucriotettix oculatus populations was collected from mining and non-mining areas. It was found that the contents of 7 heavy metals (As, Cd, Pb, Zn, Cu, Sn, Sb) in E. oculatus of the mining area were higher than that in the non-mining 1–11 times. The analysis of morphology shows that the external morphology, the hind wing type and the chromosomal morphology of E. oculatus are significant differences between the two populations. Based on the heavy metal accumulation,morphological change, and stable population density, it is inferred that the mining area population has been affected by heavy metals and has adapted to the environment of heavy metals pollution. Then, by analyzing the transcriptome of the two populations, it was found that the digestion, immunity, excretion, endocrine, nerve, circulation, reproductive and other systems and lysosomes, endoplasmic reticulum and other cell structure-related gene expression were suppressed. This shows that the functions of the above-mentioned related systems of E. oculatus are inhibited by heavy metal stress. However, it has also been found that through the significant up-regulation of genes related to the above system, such as ATP2B, pepsin A, ubiquitin, AQP1, ACOX, ATPeV0A, SEC61A, CANX, ALDH7A1, DLD, aceE, Hsp40, and catalase, etc., and the down-regulation of MAPK signalling pathway genes, can enhanced nutrient absorption, improve energy metabolism, repair damaged cells and degrade abnormal proteins, maintain the stability of cells and systems, and resist heavy metal damage so that E. oculatus can adapt to the environment of heavy metal pollution for a long time.Equis calar pollution loading is the main method to assess industrial pollutant source,Three exising methods of equiscalar pollution loading were analyzed,and it was found that could not eliminate the effect of industrial scale on the results.Based on traditional methods,equiscalar pollution loading per product was proposed,and applied in the evaluation of industrial pollution source of on city.It is found that result of tradional equiscalar pollution loading is positively correlated with the total waste discharge of pollution source,while the equal-standard waste-loadper product can properly assess the integrated enviroment-economy attribute of pollution source.
Industrial pollution
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Based on the results of Nanjing non-point source pollution of soil erosion and non-point source pollution quantitative monitoring research during 2001—2010 with USLE,the dynamic changes of non-point pollution caused by soil and water losses in Jiangning region,Nanjing Municipality were analyzed. The results showed that the pollution degree of total nitrogen and total phosphorus in non-point pollution was moderate,the pollution degree of ammonia and nitrogen was light, and the available phosphorus was slight non-point pollution in Jiangning. Comparing the average value between during the decade( 2001—2010) and during the four-year data( 1997—2000) of non-point pollution,the total area and amount of pollution which higher than the micro-pollution were significantly reduced,the area reduction of ammonia nitrogen,total nitrogen and available phosphorus was 11%- 24%,and the amount reduction of pollution was 21%- 32%. Among those four types of pollutants,lightly polluted area accounted for the highest proportion of total polluted area( higher than slightly,the same as below),and moderate pollution ranked second. The area of degrees of strength,pole-strength and intense pollution were similar to each other. Additionally,the proportion in amount of intense pollution was very serious,especially the proportion of the total nitrogen pollution reached 37. 4%.
Nutrient pollution
Point source pollution
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By taking a city’s industrial pollution source for example, an equal standard pollution load method was adopted to evaluate the total impact of industrial pollution source on urban surface water environment, and then the equal standard load per unit output was devised to assess the strength of industrial pollution source impact on urban surface water environment. The combination of these two methods provids scientific basis for the management of industrial pollution source.
Industrial pollution
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Natural polymers for the removal of heavy metals Dure Najaf Iqbal, Qudsia Kanwal, Munawar Iqbal Heavy metals are very toxic, carcinogenic and non-biodegradable substances discharged into waste water from various chemical industries, even a small concentration of heavy metals can be lethal for the environment and public health. Advanced developments for treating of heavy metals […]
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The methods of single pollution index,single average pollution index,arithmetic mean,weighted average,the Nemerow pollution index,cluster analysis and principal component analysis were adopted to evaluate the pollution of soil heavy metals,such as Cu,Pb,Zn,Cr,Ni,Cd,As and Hg,in suburb area of Guangzhou City.From aspect of frequency distribution of single pollution index,Hg has the most pollution frequency among the eight heavy metals,which means that the frequencies are all great of slight pollution,middle degree pollution and heaviest pollution of Hg,being 25.4%,9.3% and 16.1% respectively.Next to it are Cd and Zn,both having high frequencies of slight pollution,middle degree pollution and heaviest pollution.The eight heavy metals are classified into 4 groups by the cluster analysis,and the first group includes Pb,Ni,As,Cr,and Cu,the second group is Zn,the third group and the fourth group are Cd and Hg, respectively.The pollution indexes of the first group are the lowest,while the fourth is the highest.In principal component analysis,the first two principal components can explain 67.81% of the information,and the first one can explain nearly 50% of the information in particular.The first principal component mainly reflects the enrichment degree of Cu,Pb,Zn,Ni,Cd,As and Hg,while the second principal component reflects the enrichment information of Cr and Ni and the release information of Hg.
Light Pollution
Environmental Pollution
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This study aimed at investigating the removal performance of the gravity-driven membrane (GDM) system in treating the heavy metals-containing secondary effluent, as well as evaluating the respective role of Fe and Mn addition on the removal of heavy metals. GDM process with the formation of biocake layer exerted effective removals of Cr, Pb and Cd, with an average removal efficiency of 98%, 95% and 52%, respectively, however, after removing the biocake layer, the removal efficiencies of Cr, Pb and Cd reduced to 59%, 85% and 19%, respectively, indicating that the biocake layer played a fundamental role in removing heavy metals. With the assistance of Fe, the removals of heavy metals significantly increased, and exhibited a positive response to the Fe dosage, due to the adsorption by the freshly generated iron oxides. On the contrary, the Mn involvement would result in the reduction of Cd removal due to the competitive adsorption of residual dissolved Mn2+ and Cd. Furthermore, the addition of high Fe dosage increased the diversity of eukaryotic communities and promoted the removal of heavy metals, however, Mn involvement would reduce the microbial diversity to result in the decrease of heavy metal removal. These findings are expected to develop new tactics to enhance the removal of heavy metals and promote the extensive application of GDM technology in the fields of deep treatment of heavy metals containing wastewater and reclamation of secondary effluent.
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The impacts of single pollution of Pb2+ and Cr3+ and their combined pollution on physiological characteristics of wheat were studied.The results showed that the content of leaf chlorophyll increased at low concentration of the single pollution and reduced at high concentration of the single pollution;the content of leaf chlorophyll was overall lower than the control in combined pollution.Relative conductivity increased with increasing concentration of heavy metals. L-proline content increased first and then decreased,and it was significantly higher than that of control.The toxicity of combined pollution was more serious than that of the single pollution to the wheat seedlings.
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The water pollution control related to economic policies was expounded in this article,which in turn manifested that the desirable water pollution control economic method was mainly depended on the essential domain of the water pollution,i.e.which domain did the pollution belong to: the point source pollution or the non-point source pollution.The point source pollution mainly relies on the market means such as pollution charges,subsides and market permits as the instruments to control the pollution.While for the non-point source pollution the above methods are not obviously feasible,because those methods can not directly monitor the emission of the pollutants at the pollution source.To overcome this drawback,this article presented several substitutable feasible methods and made detailed explanation to these methods.The result shows that the adoption of the most optimal economic method is depend on the water pollution type.But using one comprehensive economic method to control the point source pollution and non-point source pollution is unrealistic.
Point source pollution
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Through analysis of the sludge source and the contents of the heavy metals in sludge and leachate of Bailonggang Wastewater Treatment Works, this article explores the bioavaibility of heavy metals in sludge based on the data acquired from the morphology analysis of heavy metals in sludge.
Sewage sludge
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In this paper,based on sampling and testing on the spot,geo-accumulation index and pollution load index were selected to evaluate the four elements pollution in surficial soil(Hg,Cd,Pb,As),including 103 samples.geo-accumulation index can assess pollution degree in term of single factor and pollution load index was used to evaluate integrated pollution of the whole area.The step of visualization for the spatial heavy metals assessment was finished in ArcGIS workstation.Analyzing through geo-accumulation index,the pollution degrees of Hg,Cd,Pb,and As were dominated by the first grade and second grade,which is corresponded to non-pollution,slight pollution or moderate pollution.The third grade also exists,especially Hg.In addition,the last two pollution levels exist for the metals of Hg and Cd whose percentage are very low.The results are gained by using pollution load index,point pollution load index(IPL)mainly belongs to the first grade and zone pollution load index(IPLzone)is 1.478,which belongs to the first grade.
Baseline (sea)
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