Supplementary Material: Putative novel hydrogen- and iron-oxidizing sheath-producing Zetaproteobacteria thrive at the Fåvne deep-sea hydrothermal vent field
Petra HribovšekEmily Olesin DennyHåkon DahleAchim MallThomas Øfstegaard ViflotChanakan BoonnawaEoghan P. ReevesIda Helene SteenRunar Stokke
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This repository contains four Supplementary Material files related to the manuscript "Putative novel hydrogen- and iron-oxidizing sheath-producing Zetaproteobacteria thrive at the Fåvne deep-sea hydrothermal vent field". 1) SupplementaryMaterial1_TableS1.pdf Supplementary Material 1. Sampling locations. 2) SupplementaryMaterial2.pdf Supplementary Material 2. Supplementary Data and Figures. 3) SupplementaryMaterial3.xlsx Supplementary Material 3. Supplementary Tables. Supplementary Table S1. Viral populations in Fåvne black smoker iron microbial mat.Supplementary Table S2. MAGs present in the black smoker iron microbial mat.
Supplementary Table S3. Coverage of Zetaproteobacteria MAGs in Fåvne samples.
Supplementary Table S4. Zetaproteobacteria MAGs used in this study.
Supplementary Table S5. Predicted gene expression based on codon usage.
Supplementary Table S6. Hydrogenase Hya included in the hya phylogenetic tree.
Supplementary Table S7. Cyc2 included in the cyc2 phylogenetic tree.
Supplementary Table S8. Results of proteomics analysis.
Supplementary Table S9. Heavy metal resistance genes identified using BacMet database.
Supplementary Table S10. Sequencing statistics for MinION Nanopore sequencing.
Supplementary Table S11. Sequencing statistics for Illumina NovaSeq sequencing.
Supplementary Table S12. Assembly statistics for comparison, based on MetaQUAST.
Supplementary Table S13. List of single-copy marker genes used for concatenated phylogeny.
Supplementary Table S14. Selected genes for metabolism annotation. 4) SupplementaryMaterial4.mp4 Supplementary Material 4. Sampling video of black smoker iron microbial mats at Fåvne hydrothermal vent (North Tower vent site).
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Oxidizing agent
In 2010, IODP Expedition 331 was conducted in the Iheya North Field, the Okinawa Trough and drilled several sites in hydrothermally active subseafloor: e.g., the active hydrothermal vent site and sulfide-sulfate mound at North Big Chimney (NBC) and three sites east of NBC at different distances from the active vents [1]. In addition, during the IODP Expedition 331, four new hydrothermal vents were created. These post-drilling artificial hydrothermal vents provide excellent opportunities to investigate the physical, chemical and microbiological characteristics of the previously unexplored subseafloor hydrothermal fluid reservoirs, and to monitor and estimate how the anthropogenic drilling behaviors affect the deep-sea hydrothermal vent ecosystem. The IODP porewater chemistry of the cores pointed to the density-driven stratification of the phase-separated hydrothermal fluids and the natural vent fluids were likely derived only from the shallower vapor-enriched phases. However, the artificial hydrothermal vents had deeper fluid sources in the subseafloor hydrothermal fluid reservoirs composed of brine phases. The fluids from the artificial hydrothermal vents were sampled by ROV at 5, 12, 18 and 25 months after the IODP expedition. The artificial hydrothermal vent fluids were slightly enriched with Cl as compared to the natural hydrothermal vent fluids. Thus, the artificial hydrothermal vents successfully entrained the previously unexplored subseafloor hydrothermal fluids. The newly created hydrothermal vents also hosted the very quickly grown, enormous chimney structures, of which mineral compositions were highly variable among the vents. In addition, the IODP drilling operation not only created new hydrothermal vents but also induced the newly generated diffusing flows by many short drillings in the seafloor where no apparent hydrothermal fluid discharge was observed. The new widespread diffusing flows altered the habitat condition, and provided postdrilling propagation and colonization of indigenous hydrothermal chemosynthetic animals.
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Although H2S2O8 shows weak oxidizing property at room temperature, it works as a strong oxidizing agent at higher temperature via H2SO5 to H2O2 finally and therefore it had been used only as an oxidizing agent. However, H2O2 oxidizes compounds of lower valency, while it reduces that of higher valency, namely it reduces oxidizing compounds and so H2S2O8, which converted to H2O2 at higher temperature is considered. to react as a reducing agent towards oxidizing com pounds. While H2SO4 was added to heat with KMnO4, MnO2, Ce(SO4)2, CeO2, K2Cr2O7, CrO3, NH4VO3 and V2O5, and then (NH4)2S2O8 was added, they were recognized to be reduced. Therefore, if (NH4)2S2O8 is used as an oxidizing agent, it should be heated after it is added at room temperature, however, in order to use it as a reducing agent, it should be added after it is heated.
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