Hydrothermal Vents: Prokaryotes in Deep‐Sea Hydrothermal Vents
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Abstract:
Abstract Presentation of Hydrothermal Vents Nonsymbiotic Mesophiles Invertebrate‐Associated Bacteria Thermophilic Prokaryotes Future ResearchKeywords:
Chemosynthesis
Marine invertebrates
Mesophile
Samples containing mesophilic and thermophilic bacteria from a natural thermal spring were inoculated into a medium made with the water of the same spring. The growth rate of the thermophilic microflora was higher but the mesophilic microflora produced more biomass than the thermophilic bacteria.
Mesophile
Hot spring
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Chemosynthesis
Marine invertebrates
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Five sublacustrine thermal spring locations from 1 to 109 m water depth in Yellowstone Lake were surveyed by 16S ribosomal RNA gene sequencing in relation to their chemical composition and dark CO(2) fixation rates. They harbor distinct chemosynthetic bacterial communities, depending on temperature (16-110°C) and electron donor supply (H(2)S <1 to >100 μM; NH(3) <0.5 to >10 μM). Members of the Aquificales, most closely affiliated with the genus Sulfurihydrogenibium, are the most frequently recovered bacterial 16S rRNA gene phylotypes in the hottest samples; the detection of these thermophilic sulfur-oxidizing autotrophs coincided with maximal dark CO(2) fixation rates reaching near 9 μM C h(-1) at temperatures of 50-60°C. Vents at lower temperatures yielded mostly phylotypes related to the mesophilic gammaproteobacterial sulfur oxidizer Thiovirga. In contrast, cool vent water with low chemosynthetic activity yielded predominantly phylotypes related to freshwater Actinobacterial clusters with a cosmopolitan distribution.
Chemosynthesis
Extreme environment
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Chemosynthesis
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Chemosynthesis
Cold seep
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Hydrothermal communities in deep seafloor live around Black Smoker sites. The primary producers of hydrothermal ecosystems are thermophiles and archaea. Bacteria convert chemicals (from the sulfur-rich fluid spewed out of vents) to energy, in a process called chemosynthesis. They get energy depending on the oxidation of sulfides (H2S, FeS2) and methane and the reduction of carbon dioxide, instead of photosynthesis. There are two kinds of relationship between thermophiles and other animals. Other animals eat thermophiles or thermophiles exist in a symbiotic relationship with vent animals. Thermophiles not only depend on the deep-sea hydrothermal activities, but also play an important role of hydrothermal mineralization. The source of them is likely to be subsurface biosphere. Black smokers could be “windows to a deep biosphere”, which has crucial implication for the research of thermophiles and the understanding of astrobiology and the origin of life.
Chemosynthesis
Hot spring
Extremophile
Cold seep
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Chemosynthesis
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Symbiosis of chemoautrophic bacteria with the members of hydrothermal vent and cold seep communities in the deep-sea were examined by histology using transmission electron microscopy; Bathymodiolus spp. from Sagami Bay, the Iheya Ridge and the North Fiji Basin; and Ifremeria nautilei from the North Fiji Basin. Two species of Bathymodiolus, each from Sagami Bay and the Iheya Ridge harbored methane-oxidizing symbionts within their gill tissues. Vent gastropod Ifremeria nautilei from the hydrothermal vents of the North Fiji Basin housed two types of symbionts; one sulfur-oxidizing type and the other methane-oxidizing type. The occurrence of chemosynthetic symbionts in these organisms were expected before-hand based on the ecological observations of their habit. The other members of these groups from world oceans and the recent advances in the symbiosis of the vent and seep communities were reviewed.
Chemosynthesis
Petroleum seep
Cold seep
Seabed
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