CodeBlockS: Development of Collaborative Knowledge Sharing Application with Blockchain Smart Contract
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In this paper, we present the design and development of a collaborative knowledge-sharing platform with Blockchain based smart contracts (CodeBlockS) to help increase the trust and efficiency of how developers find the solution to their problems or try to learn new things.The popularity of Question-and-Answer websites such as StackOverflow, Ask, and Yahoo, as well as online course websites like as Udemy, is gradually expanding.Given this increased popularity, the quality and efficiency of user interaction must be improved such that users can try to connect with each other, ask questions about technical problems they are experiencing, or if they want to learn a topic in exchange for a fee and potentially collaborate on a project, or simply share their thoughts on a topic and improve their knowledge and network at the same time.Because these contracts will contain money, CodeBlockS has employed Ethereum Blockchain-based smart contracts to manage the data and money, as blockchain-based smart contracts are immutable and handle payments very securely.In general, social networking websites there are very few people sharing valuable knowledge and many people sharing worthless, time-consuming content that creates distraction.With the CodeBlockS system, developers find the solution to their problems or try to learn new things, and users can share their thoughts and learning on the platform.The platform also provides inbuilt smart contracts functionality using which two users can create a contract where one user will teach or solve doubt of the other user and receive fees towards service rendered.Keywords:
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The Indonesian population reached 270,20 million in 2020. Each resident is equipped with various secret identities. The COVID-19 pandemic has made all activities use technology as a basis, causing residents' identities to be stored digitally. Some applications that keep these identities experience data leaks. However, with the advent of Web3 and its emphasis on decentralization through blockchain, a new era of secure data management is possible. Blockchain, with its inherent security features, ensures that data stored is secure, difficult to damage or lose due to mutual consensus. Every transaction is recorded, making it easy to carry out the audit process. Therefore, this research will design and implement prototype dApps for secure population management, leveraging the superior security of blockchain technology. The initial stage of research is to conduct a literature study. Furthermore, it is to create designs such as system, infrastructure, and activity diagrams. Then do the development of the dApps prototype. The last is testing using OWASP ZAP and cost analysis. A dApps prototype was implemented on a blockchain. Every transaction is recorded and publicly viewable through the Etherscan platform. Other data stored on a blockchain have gone through an AES-256 encryption process with the data owner's account key so that the owner can only see the data. The results of the tests performed show that there is no high-level warning. The cost analysis results show that the most used costs are when deploying smart contracts and making new data. For further development, it is implementing permissionless blockchain and multi-accounts.
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The work presented in this paper describes the design and implementation of smart contracts for blockchain applications. The main purpose is to explore the current state and application of blockchain technology and show how the main points of this technology can change the "business as usual". This project examines blockchain technology as a whole and explores its potential for developing business applications. Blockchain-based smart contract is suitable for different applications and demonstrates the creation and implementation of simple management using the Ethereum blockchain. Ethereum advances second-generation blockchain technology by providing a global open computing/environmental platform that enables the exchange of cryptocurrency (Ether) and the intelligent creation of self-generated contracts. Smart contracts provide a framework for ownership of digital assets and various equity applications in the blockchain space. Because Ethereum and smart contracts are open, distributed, and immutable, they are vulnerable to vulnerabilities caused by simple mistakes from developers. We design and implement smart contracts for blockchain medical management applications to support the medical ecosystem and power to increase energy efficiency by creating smart contracts for energy saving certification. We also identify key concepts, advances, and outcomes in clinical and radiological research. In this article, blockchain technology is used in areas such as health and energy. Health applications are the main focus of this research and electrical power studies show further involvement of this research. It is hoped that the work presented in this article can provide sufficient motivation for the development of ethical applications (Apps) using blockchain-based smart contracts.
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Technology advancement generates new opportunities to make current business flow simpler and efficient, especially in P2P lending business model. Many companies create online digital platforms to promote new customer experience as marketplace or mediator between lender and borrower to make it easier to interact with each other's. Often transactions that happen inside the platform is not transparent that many lenders accidentally lend their money to problematic borrowers, resulting the lender cannot get their money on time. The purpose of this research is to design a smart contract system in marketplace lending using blockchain technology. The lack of lender control and trust in P2P lending platforms to select the right borrowers can be overcome by implementing blockchain systems and smart contracts. The findings of the field study and literature review show that not only blockchain and smart contracts can provide lenders with better information when selecting borrowers to carry out various transparent transactions, but also speed up the lending business process itself. In the blockchain system, all historical data is stored and thus can improve the process of checking data in the system. Implementing a blockchain and smart contract system on a P2P lending platform can increase trust, reduce delays and be more transparent.
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The research on the governing blockchain by blockchain supervision system is an important development trend of blockchain technology. In this system there is a supervisory blockchain managing and governing the supervised blockchain based on blockchain technology, results in a uniquely cross-blockchain demand to consensus mechanism for solving the trust problem between supervisory blockchain and supervised blockchain. To solve this problem, this paper proposes a cross-blockchain consensus mechanism based on smart contract and a set of smart contracts endorse the cross-blockchain consensus. New consensus mechanism called Proof-of-Endorse-Contracts (PoEC) consensus, which firstly transfers the consensus reached in supervisory blockchain to supervised blockchain by supervisory nodes, then packages the supervisory block in supervisory blockchain and transmits it to the smart contract deployed in the supervised blockchain, finally miners in supervised blockchain will execute and package the new block according to the status of the smart contract. The core part of the consensus mechanism is Endorse Contracts which designed and implemented by us and verified the effectiveness through experiments. PoEC consensus mechanism and Endorse Contracts support the supervised blockchain to join the governing blockchain by blockchain system without changing the original consensus mechanism, which has the advantages of low cost, high scalability and being able to cross-blockchain. This paper proves that our method can provide a feasible cross-blockchain governance scheme for the field of blockchain governance.
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In recent years, manifold blockchain protocols have been proposed by researchers and industrial companies alike. This has led to a very heterogeneous blockchain landscape. Accordingly, it would be desirable if blockchains could interact with each other. However, current blockchain technologies offer only limited support for interoperability, thus preventing tokens or smart contracts from leaving the scope of a particular blockchain. As a first step towards a solution for cross-chain smart contract interactions, we introduce a framework which allows to invoke a smart contract from another blockchain. We offer support for continuing a smart contract after receiving a result from a different blockchain, and for calling smart contracts recursively across blockchains. We provide a reference implementation for Ethereum-based blockchains using Solidity and evaluate the performance regarding time and cost overheads.
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The emergence and growing use of advanced technologies has opened up new possibilities for addressing the security challenges of resource-constrained IoT net- works. As IoT devices exchange sensitive data, secure key management is essential for IoT network security, particularly during the key revocation phase. However, current IoT key management solutions require improvements due to the resource limitations of IoT devices. Despite these limitations, existing key revocation solutions still have several areas for improvement, including high communication overheads. Therefore, a decentralized and efficient solution is necessary to address these issues in IoT networks, with a focus on security. This paper proposes a new solution for key revocation based on Blockchain technology using smart contracts to minimize communication overhead and energy consumption in IoT networks. The paper presents a security and performance analysis to assess its correctness. The results indicate that our proposal outperforms other solutions by having a reduced communication overhead of 93.55%, 91.87%, and 99.75% compared to other solutions during the compromising, leaving, and draining cases, respectively. This demonstrates that our solution is efficient and suitable for IoT networks.
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With the growing concern of AI safety, there is a need to trust the computations done by machine learning (ML) models. Blockchain technology, known for recording data and running computations transparently and in a tamper-proof manner, can offer this trust. One significant challenge in deploying ML Classifiers on-chain is that while ML models are typically written in Python using an ML library such as Pytorch, smart contracts deployed on EVM-compatible blockchains are written in Solidity. We introduce Machine Learning to Smart Contract (ML2SC), a PyTorch to Solidity translator that can automatically translate multi-layer perceptron (MLP) models written in Pytorch to Solidity smart contract versions. ML2SC uses a fixed-point math library to approximate floating-point computation. After deploying the generated smart contract, we can train our models off-chain using PyTorch and then further transfer the acquired weights and biases to the smart contract using a function call. Finally, the model inference can also be done with a function call providing the input. We mathematically model the gas costs associated with deploying, updating model parameters, and running inference on these models on-chain, showing that the gas costs increase linearly in various parameters associated with an MLP. We present empirical results matching our modeling. We also evaluate the classification accuracy showing that the outputs obtained by our transparent on-chain implementation are identical to the original off-chain implementation with Pytorch.
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제4차산업혁명과 연계되어 블록체인(Blockchain) 기술은 미래의 핵심기술로 부각되고 있다. 특히 블록체인 상에서 운영되는 스마트 계약(Smart Contract)은 자동화된 디지털 계약시스템으로, 미래의 마케팅과 비즈니스에 중요한 영향을 끼치리라 기대된다. 기존의 전통적인 계약체결 과정에서는 시공간적 제약들 때문에 여러 단계별로 많은 노력과 비용이 투여되는 반면, 디지털 공에서의 스마트 계약은 이러한 제약들 없이, 당사자 간의 즉각적인 계약의 체결과 실행이 가능하다. 그러므로 스마트 계약은 금융, 부동산, 공유경제사업, B2B, 유통 등 다양한 분야에서 기존에 존재했던 제약들을 극복할 수 있는 사업전략으로 활용될 수 있을 것이다. 본 연구는 미래의 신기술인 스마트 계약에 대하여, 소비자 입장에서 측정할 수 있는 지표로 입증된 TR(Technology Readiness)의 4가지 차원인 '낙관성, 혁신성, 불안감, 불편감'을 기준으로, 기술수용모델인 TAM(Technology Acceptance Model)에서 제시하는 2가지 차원인 '지각된 용이성과 지각된 유용성'을 연계하여 상호관계를 연구한 후, TAM에서 제시하는 신기술에 대한 사용 용이성과 유용성 측면에서 자동화된 스마트 계약이라는 신기술에 대한 소비자들의 행동과 지속적 사용의도를 검증한 결과, 소비자들은 스마트 계약이 미래에 쉽고 유용하게 잘 활용될 것으로 기대한다는 결과를 얻었다. 또한 현재 스마트 계약의 초기 단순한 형태를 내포하고 있는 신규 암호화폐 공개방식인 ICO(Initial Coin Offering)의 경험이 있는지 여부에 따라 응답자를 구분해서 조사한 결과(조절효과), ICO 경험자가 스마트 계약의 지속적 수용의도에 더욱 긍정적인 반응을 나타냄을 바탕으로 미래의 스마트 계약을 이용한 사업에 있어서 소비자들의 체험을 통한 사업 확대의 가능성을 제안한다.
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In this paper, we present the design and development of a collaborative knowledge-sharing platform with Blockchain based smart contracts (CodeBlockS) to help increase the trust and efficiency of how developers find the solution to their problems or try to learn new things.The popularity of Question-and-Answer websites such as StackOverflow, Ask, and Yahoo, as well as online course websites like as Udemy, is gradually expanding.Given this increased popularity, the quality and efficiency of user interaction must be improved such that users can try to connect with each other, ask questions about technical problems they are experiencing, or if they want to learn a topic in exchange for a fee and potentially collaborate on a project, or simply share their thoughts on a topic and improve their knowledge and network at the same time.Because these contracts will contain money, CodeBlockS has employed Ethereum Blockchain-based smart contracts to manage the data and money, as blockchain-based smart contracts are immutable and handle payments very securely.In general, social networking websites there are very few people sharing valuable knowledge and many people sharing worthless, time-consuming content that creates distraction.With the CodeBlockS system, developers find the solution to their problems or try to learn new things, and users can share their thoughts and learning on the platform.The platform also provides inbuilt smart contracts functionality using which two users can create a contract where one user will teach or solve doubt of the other user and receive fees towards service rendered.
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