OsGLP3‐7 positively regulates rice immune response by activating hydrogen peroxide, jasmonic acid, and phytoalexin metabolic pathways
Bingrui SunWenyan LiYamei MaTing YuWenjie HuangJierong DingHang YuLiqun JiangJing ZhangShuwei LvJianyuan YangShijuan YanBin LiuQing Liu
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Abstract Although germin‐like proteins (GLPs) have been demonstrated to participate in plant biotic stress responses, their specific functions in rice disease resistance are still largely unknown. Here, we report the identification and characterization of OsGLP3‐7 , a member of the GLP family in rice. Expression of OsGLP3‐7 was significantly induced by pathogen infection, jasmonic acid (JA) treatment, and hydrogen peroxide (H 2 O 2 ) treatment. OsGLP3‐7 was highly expressed in leaves and sublocalized in the cytoplasm. Overexpression of OsGLP3‐7 increased plant resistance to leaf blast, panicle blast, and bacterial blight, whereas disease resistance in OsGLP3‐7 RNAi silenced plants was remarkably compromised, suggesting this gene is a positive regulator of disease resistance in rice. Further analysis showed that OsGLP3‐7 has superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity and can influence the accumulation of H 2 O 2 in transgenic plants. Many genes involved in JA and phytoalexin biosynthesis were strongly induced, accompanied with elevated levels of JA and phytoalexins in OsGLP3‐7 ‐overexpressing plants, while expression of these genes was significantly suppressed and the levels of JA and phytoalexins were reduced in OsGLP3‐7 RNAi plants compared with control plants, both before and after pathogen inoculation. Moreover, we showed that OsGLP3‐7 ‐dependent phytoalexin accumulation may, at least partially, be attributed to the elevated JA levels observed after pathogen infection. Taken together, our results indicate that OsGLP3‐7 positively regulates rice disease resistance by activating JA and phytoalexin metabolic pathways, thus providing novel insights into the disease resistance mechanisms conferred by GLPs in rice.Keywords:
Phytoalexin
Jasmonic acid
Genetically modified rice
Pathogenesis-related protein
Phytoalexins are antimicrobial secondary metabolites which accumulate in plants against fungal invasion. Their production is triggered not only by fungal invasion, but also by a variety of elicitors. In rice plants, we have shown that CuCl2 is a potent abiotic elicitor. Jasmonic acid has recently become known to play an important role in secondary metabolite production in plants at the cellular level. This led us to speculate, in CuCl2-elicited rice leaves, that JA might also play an important role as a signal transducer for phytoalexin production. The endogenous level of JA increased rapidly in CuCl2-elicited rice leaves, and exogenously applied JA caused a large amount of phytoalexin production in rice leaves. This phytoalexin production by CuCl2 decreased when rice leaves were treated with JA biosynthesis inhibitors, but that by JA did not. JA is thus suggested to play an important role in the elicitation process leading to phytoalexin production in rice leaves.
Phytoalexin
Jasmonic acid
Secondary metabolite
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Theobroxide, a novel compound isolated from a fungus Lasiodiplodia theobromae, stimulates potato tuber formation and induces flowering of morning glory by initiating the jasmonic acid synthesis pathway. To elucidate the effect of theobroxide on pathogen resistance in plants, Nicotiana benthamiana plants treated with theobroxide were immediately infiltrated with Pseudomonas syringae pv. tabaci. Exogenous application of theobroxide inhibited development of lesion symptoms, and growth of the bacterial cells was significantly retarded. Semi-quantitative RT-PCRs using the primers of 18 defense-related genes were performed to investigate the molecular mechanisms of resistance. Among the genes, the theobroxide treatment increased the expression of pathogenesis-related protein 1a (PR1a), pathogenesis-related protein 1b (PR1b), glutathione S-transferase (GST), allen oxide cyclase (AOC), and lipoxyganase (LOX). All these data strongly indicate that theobroxide treatment inhibits disease development by faster induction of defense responses, which can be possible by the induction of defense-related genes including PR1a, PR1b, and GST triggered by the elevated jasmonic acid. Keywords: glutathione S-transferase, jasmonic acid, pathogen, pathogenesis-related proteins, theobroxide
Jasmonic acid
Pathogenesis-related protein
Pseudomonas syringae
Pathogenesis
Hypersensitive response
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Pathogenesis-related protein-5 (PR-5) has been implicated in plant disease resistance and its antifungal activity has been demonstrated in some fruit species. However, their roles, especially their interactions with the other defense responses in plant cells, are still not fully understood. In this study, we have cloned and characterized a new PR-5 cDNA named PdPR5-1 from the European plum (Prunus domestica). Expression of PdPR5-1 was studied in different cultivars varying in resistance to the brown rot disease caused by the necrotrophic fungus Monilinia fructicola. In addition transgenic Arabidopsis, ectopically expressing PdPR5-1 was used to study its role in other plant defense responses after fungal infection. We show that the resistant cultivars exhibited much higher levels of transcripts than the susceptible cultivars during fruit ripening. However, significant rise in the transcript levels after infection with M. fructicola was observed in the susceptible cultivars too. Transgenic Arabidopsis plants exhibited more resistance to Alternaria brassicicola. Further, there was a significant increase in the transcripts of genes involved in the phenylpropanoid biosynthesis pathway such as phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL) and phytoalexin (camalexin) pathway leading to an increase in camalexin content after fungal infection. Our results show that PdPR5-1 gene, in addition to its anti-fungal properties, has a possible role in activating other defense pathways, including phytoalexin production.
Phytoalexin
Alternaria brassicicola
Pathogenesis-related protein
Phenylalanine ammonia-lyase
Phenylpropanoid
Monilinia fructicola
Hypersensitive response
Pathogenic fungus
WRKY protein domain
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Jasmonic acid
WRKY protein domain
Genetically modified rice
Magnaporthe
Systemic Acquired Resistance
Pathogenesis-related protein
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Fusarium fujikuroi, the causal agent of bakanae disease, is the main seedborne pathogen on rice. To understand the basis of rice resistance, a quantitative method to simultaneously detect phytohormones and phytoalexins was developed by using HPLC–MS/MS. With this method dynamic profiles and possible interactions of defense-related phytohormones and phytoalexins were investigated on two rice cultivars, inoculated or not with F. fujikuroi. In the resistant cultivar Selenio, the presence of pathogen induced high production of phytoalexins, mainly sakuranetin, and symptoms of bakanae were not observed. On the contrary, in the susceptible genotype Dorella, the pathogen induced the production of gibberellin and abscisic acid and inhibited jasmonic acid production, phytoalexins were very low, and bakanae symptoms were observed. The results suggested that a wide range of secondary metabolites are involved in plant defense against pathogens and phytoalexin synthesis could be an important factor for rice resistance against bakanae disease.
Jasmonic acid
Phytoalexin
Gibberella fujikuroi
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Abstract Although germin‐like proteins (GLPs) have been demonstrated to participate in plant biotic stress responses, their specific functions in rice disease resistance are still largely unknown. Here, we report the identification and characterization of OsGLP3‐7 , a member of the GLP family in rice. Expression of OsGLP3‐7 was significantly induced by pathogen infection, jasmonic acid (JA) treatment, and hydrogen peroxide (H 2 O 2 ) treatment. OsGLP3‐7 was highly expressed in leaves and sublocalized in the cytoplasm. Overexpression of OsGLP3‐7 increased plant resistance to leaf blast, panicle blast, and bacterial blight, whereas disease resistance in OsGLP3‐7 RNAi silenced plants was remarkably compromised, suggesting this gene is a positive regulator of disease resistance in rice. Further analysis showed that OsGLP3‐7 has superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity and can influence the accumulation of H 2 O 2 in transgenic plants. Many genes involved in JA and phytoalexin biosynthesis were strongly induced, accompanied with elevated levels of JA and phytoalexins in OsGLP3‐7 ‐overexpressing plants, while expression of these genes was significantly suppressed and the levels of JA and phytoalexins were reduced in OsGLP3‐7 RNAi plants compared with control plants, both before and after pathogen inoculation. Moreover, we showed that OsGLP3‐7 ‐dependent phytoalexin accumulation may, at least partially, be attributed to the elevated JA levels observed after pathogen infection. Taken together, our results indicate that OsGLP3‐7 positively regulates rice disease resistance by activating JA and phytoalexin metabolic pathways, thus providing novel insights into the disease resistance mechanisms conferred by GLPs in rice.
Phytoalexin
Jasmonic acid
Genetically modified rice
Pathogenesis-related protein
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Phytoalexin
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Phytoalexin
Methyl jasmonate
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Phytoalexin
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Phytoalexin
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