An Analysis of Fertiliser Subsidies in India
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This article examines total fertiliser use in India as well as the distribution of fertiliser subsidies granted by the Indian government to its farmers. The paper primarily studies the consumption of fertilisers (NPK) from 1950-51 to 2020-21. However, the information related to the distribution of fertiliser subsidies covers the period from 1980–1981 to 2021–2022. The author further went on to analyze the fertilizer subsidy distribution concerning the agricultural GDP and the overall GDP figures of the nation to get an idea of the effectiveness of investment on the fertilizer subsidies in India.Keywords:
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Subsidies for research and development (R&D) are an important innovation policy tool. The economic rationale behind R&D subsidies is that private sector R&D is lower than socially desirable due to positive externalities and financing constraints. R&D subsidies are often designed as direct, project-based grants. Companies apply for them at public funding bodies who administered applications and make funding decisions on a case-by-case basis. An alternative way of granting R&D subsidies is through tax credits. Research shows that both forms of R&D subsidies can trigger additional R&D, but the evidence also suggests that the extent to which R&D subsidies initiate and expand R&D in recipient firms depends on the characteristics of the firm and the type of project that is subsidized.
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In India, the budgetary subsidy has increased enormously over time. The present paper attempts to make an assessment of the trend, composition and reasons of increase in fertiliser subsidy. The study observes that the fertilizer subsidies had grown at a sharper rate upto 2008 which has declined subsequently in a relative sense. However, it is still phenomenal and a major part of explicit subsidies in India. The paper argues for a National Policy on Targeting Subsidies. Based on the outcome of the study, certain policy recommendations are made for fiscal discipline by rationalizing subsidies, and target subsidies only to the financially weaker section of the economy, which should be delivered directly to their bank accounts under Direct Benefit Scheme (DBS).
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The removal of energy subsidies is considered to be the first step towards a better environment. In order to pursue a policy for subsidy removal, one needs to know exactly the amount of subsidies accorded to different fuels. In this paper, the subsidies involved in the coal sector in India are estimated. Existing prices are reviewed, economic prices are estimated and the two are compared to arrive at appropriate subsidies or taxes. The subsidies are also distributed among different sectors and policy implications of subsidy removal are discussed. Finally, the need to have a larger data sample to study the coal industry is stressed, in order to better understand the cost structure .
Energy subsidies
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This article examines total fertiliser use in India as well as the distribution of fertiliser subsidies granted by the Indian government to its farmers. The paper primarily studies the consumption of fertilisers (NPK) from 1950-51 to 2020-21. However, the information related to the distribution of fertiliser subsidies covers the period from 1980–1981 to 2021–2022. The author further went on to analyze the fertilizer subsidy distribution concerning the agricultural GDP and the overall GDP figures of the nation to get an idea of the effectiveness of investment on the fertilizer subsidies in India.
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The current Russian system of federal intergovernmental subsidies to regions is ineffective. The paper presents the results of a survey of the rules on providing 78 subsidies, as well as analysis of the budgetary execution of subsidies. In addition, a comparative analysis of priorities, co-financed through subsidies, has been carried out and cross-financed priorities have been identified.
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According to the definition of Subsidy in SCM 1.1,the three essential factors,the supplier of subsidies,financial assistace and a benefit is conferred must be looked into,while deciding whether a Subsidy exsists or not.The definition of Subsidy in SCM 1.1 is the core of subsidy regulations in WTO,and its understanding and application in the determination of subsidies need to be explained and clarified through WTO practice.In regards to its clarifications in many cases by DSU,this thesis specificly interprets the three essential factors for determination of subsidies.
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This article looks at the aggregate effect of subsidies to Belgian firms on their levels of employment. It appears that firms receiving high subsidies experience a significantly higher increase in employment (FTE) than firms not receiving subsidies. This effect becomes visible about two years after the subsidies have been granted. This result sheds a more positive light on the employment effects of State aid than most of the previous studies focusing solely on aid mea
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American agriculture successfully avoids international trade conflicts although it is protected and supported by subsidy policy,which benefits from suitable subsidy system and its adaptable adjustment.Using the experience of America for reference,China should add subsidy quota,substitutes indirect subsidy with direct one,adjust the composition ofAmber Boxsubsidy,and increase the type and quantity of Green Box subsidy.
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The paper presents the results of a regulatory, economic and empirical analysis of budgetary subsidizing of enterprises of the real economy in Russia, and the analysis of international experience regarding the goals and conditions of the provision of subsidies. Recommendations on models of subsidizing commercial organizations and on a system of criteria for applicants for subsidies, depending on the purpose and objectives of subsidizing, are made based on the results of the analysis.
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Agreement on Subsidies and Countervailing Measures regulates subsidies and countervailing measures.Agreement on Agriculture gives special rules about subsidies and countervailing measures.In the course of building New Countries,China institutes a series of agriculture subsidies polices.Compared with Agreement on Agriculture,there are some policy spaces.China should strengthen the agriculture subsidies.
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